Bones and Joints - Pre Practical Lecture COPY

Question 1

Define epiphysis

Answer 1

The end part of a long bone

Question 2

Define diaphysis

Answer 2

The central part of a long bone

Question 3

Define metaphysis

Answer 3

The wide part of a long bone between the epiphysis and the narrow diaphysis. It contains the growth plate.

Question 4

Define condyle

Answer 4

The smooth end of a bone that articulates (in a joint) with the condyle of an adjoining bone.

Question 5

Deine epicondyle

Answer 5

A protuberance above or on the condyle of a long bone, allows for attachment to ligaments and muscles that act on the joint

Question 6

What is a fossa?

Answer 6

A shallow depression

Question 7

Define process?

Answer 7

Any projection or bump

Question 8

Define Foramen?

Answer 8

Arperature

Question 9

Define sulcus

Answer 9

A narrow groove

Question 10

Define Tuberosity

Answer 10

A rough projection slightly bigger than a tubercule

Question 11

Define tubercule

Answer 11

A small projection

Question 12

Define spine

Answer 12

A pointed process

Question 13

What cells are contained within bone marrow?

Answer 13

Adipose cells and Adipocytes

Question 14

What is a suture?

Answer 14

Fibrous joint, Immovable joint, found in the skull, fuses after 20 years

Question 15

What are gomphmoses?

Answer 15

Fibrous joint, Immovable joints, articulate the teeth with their sockets

Question 16

What are syndemoses?

Answer 16

Fibrous joint, Slightly movable joints, held together by interroseous membrane,

Question 17

What are the four types of bone?

Answer 17

Compact, spongy, epiphyseal growth plate (contains hyaline cartilage) Bone marrow

Question 18

Describe primary cartilaginous (synchondroses) joint

Answer 18

Only Hyaline cartilage, immovable and temporary, (between epiphysis and diaphysis)

Question 19

Describe a secondary cartilaginous (symphyses) joint

Answer 19

Contains fibrocartilage and Hyaline cartilage (midline of the body, intervertebral discs), doesn’t ossify with age

Question 20

Define joint cavity in synovial joint

Answer 20

Space between articulating bones lined with synovial membrane

Question 21

Define joint capsule

Answer 21

Surrounds joint cavity

Question 22

Define synovial membrane

Answer 22

Secretes synovial fluid which lubricates and nourishes the joint

Question 23

Define articular cartilage

Answer 23

Hyaline cartilage that covers the ends of the articulating bones, covered with synovial fluid

Question 24

Describe the different types of synovial joint (there are 6)

Answer 24

Hinge, pivot, condylar, saddle, ball and socket, plane

Question 25

What is flexion?

Answer 25

Decreasing the angle of a joint

Question 26

What is extension?

Answer 26

Increasing the angle of a joint

Question 27

What is dorsiflexion?

Answer 27

Decreasing the angle of the ankle joint

Question 28

What is plantarflexion?

Answer 28

Increasing the angle of the ankle joint

Question 29

What is elevation?

Answer 29

Moving part of the body in the superior direction

Question 30

What is depression?

Answer 30

Moving part of the body in an inferior direction

Question 31

What is eversion?

Answer 31

Rotating the ankle so that the soul of the foot points away from the other

Question 32

What is inversion?

Answer 32

The opposite of eversion

Question 33

What is abduction?

Answer 33

Moving a limb away from the medial line of the body

Question 34

What is adduction?

Answer 34

The opposite of abduction

Question 35

What is lateral rotation?

Answer 35

Rotating a limb away from the medial line of the body

Question 36

What is medial rotation

Answer 36

The opposite of lateral roatation

Question 37

What is pronation?

Answer 37

Rotating the forearm so that the palm is facing down if the forearm is flexed

Question 38

What is supination?

Answer 38

Palm up

Question 39

What is retraction?

Answer 39

Posterior movement of the arm at the shoulder

Question 40

What is protraction?

Answer 40

The opposite of retraction

Question 41

What is lateral flexion?

Answer 41

Bending the spine to the side away from the medial line.

Question 42

What is circumduction?

Answer 42

The combination of different movements around a joint

Question 43

What does joint stability depend on?

Answer 43

Muscles, tendons, the fibrous capsule, the shape of articulating surfaces of the bones

Question 44

What is the blood and nerve supply in joints like?

Answer 44

Rich

Question 45

Why do blood vessels branch and reconnect around a blood vessel?

Answer 45

Stops the compression of the blood vessels and the restriction of blood flow

Question 46

What sense are joints heavily influential in?

Answer 46

Proprioception

Question 47

What is Hilton's law?

Answer 47

The nerve supplying a muscle that crosses a joint also innervates the joint

Question 48

Define superior?

Answer 48

Closer the the head

Question 49

Define inferior?

Answer 49

Closer to the feet

Question 50

Define anterior

Answer 50

Nearer to the front

Question 51

Define posterior

Answer 51

Nearer to the back

Question 52

Define medial

Answer 52

Nearer to the medial plane

Question 53

Define lateral

Answer 53

Further away from the medial plane

Question 54

Define proxiaml

Answer 54

Nearer to the trunk or point of origin

Question 55

Define distal

Answer 55

Further away from the trunk or point of origin

Question 56

Define superficial

Answer 56

Nearer to, or on the surface

Question 57

Define deep

Answer 57

Further away from the surface

Question 58

Define palmar

Answer 58

Nearer to or on the the palm of the hand

Question 59

Define plantar

Answer 59

Nearer to or on the soul of the foot

Question 60

Define dorsal

Answer 60

Nearer to or on the back of the body or structure

Question 61

Define Ventral

Answer 61

Nearer to or on the front of the body or structure

Question 62

Define cranial or Rostral

Answer 62

Nearer to the head

Question 63

Define caudal

Answer 63

Nearer to the feet

Question 64

Define ipsilateral

Answer 64

On the same side of the body or structure

Question 65

Define contralateral?

Answer 65

On the opposite side of the body or structure

Question 66

What are the 5 body regions of the body?

Answer 66

``` Head and neck Upper limbs Lower Limbs Thorax Abdominal cavity ```

Question 67

What are the 5 body cavities of the body?

Answer 67

Dorsal body cavity - Cranial and vertebral Ventral body cavity - Thoracic (diaphragm separates) Abdominal Pelvic

Question 68

Which germ layer does nerve tissue arise from ?

Answer 68

Ectoderm

Question 69

Which germ layer gives origin to bone, cartilage and skeletal muscle?

Answer 69

Mesoderm

Question 70

Which germ layer gives rise to the digestive tract and the lining of blood vessels?

Answer 70

Endoderm

Question 71

Other than the epiphyseal growth plate where else is hyaline cartilage found in long bone?

Answer 71

Articular cartilage on the articulating surfaces of long bone

Question 72

What tissue is found in the medullary cavity and what is its function?

Answer 72

Hematopoetic tissue - responsible for hematopoeisis

Question 73

What does the axial skeleton refer to?

Answer 73

Bones situated on the long axis of the body in the anatomical position

Question 74

What does the appendicular skeleton refer to?

Answer 74

Bones that are appended to the axial skeleton

Question 75

What are limb girdles?

Answer 75

They surround and support proximal ends of the limbs. Provide a point of attachment for the appendicular bones to the axial bones.

Question 76

Which two bones form the upper limb girdle

Answer 76

Scapula and the clavicle

Question 77

Which three bones from the lower limb girdle?

Answer 77

Pubis, ilium and ischium

Question 78

What is the function of compact bone?

Answer 78

Protection of cancellous bone - Structural support

Question 79

What is the function of spongy bone?

Answer 79

Shock absorbing Structural support Facilitates the movement of joints and limbs

Question 80

What is the function of the marrow cavity?

Answer 80

Production of red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets

Question 81

What is the function of the periosteum?

Answer 81

Attachment to tissue | Envelopes the bone except at the surface of joints

Question 82

Where is the metaphysis?

Answer 82

Between the epiphysis and the diaphysis

Question 83

Which tissue gives rise to appostitional bone growth?

Answer 83

The periosteum

Question 84

Which tissue gives rise to the interstitial growth of a bone?

Answer 84

The epiphyseal growth plate

Question 85

Give examples of the 5 types of bone

Answer 85

``` Long - humerus Irregular bones - vertebra and mandible Flat - Skull and ribs Short - carpal and tarsal Sesamoid bone - patella ```

Question 86

What is the function of a condyle?

Answer 86

Articulates with other bone in a joint

Question 87

Which structures attach to the epicondyles and tuberosities?

Answer 87

Ligaments and tendons

Question 88

Which structure attaches to a spine?

Answer 88

Ligaments

Question 89

What is intramembranous ossification?

Answer 89

When the embryological connective tissue membrane (mesenchyme) becomes replaced by bone. Flat bones of the skull face and jaw and centre of clavivel

Question 90

What is endochronal ossification?

Answer 90

Hyaline cartilage model becomes replaced by bone. Forms long bones in the boy