brainstem syndromes

Question 1

brainstem syndromes involve

Answer 1

involve the cranial nerves and/or their nuclei (produce symptoms ipsilaterally to the lesion) and major brainstem tracts (produce symptoms contralaterally to the lesion unless they are uncrossed or double-crossed).

Question 2

disruption to reticular activating system

Answer 2

Disruption of reticular activating system, if present, results in decreased level of consciousness or coma.

Question 3

ventral midbrain syndrome

Answer 3

weber syndrome
occulomotor nerve nucleus: ipsilateral occulomotor nerve palsy
corticospinal tract: contralateral hemiparesis

Question 4

claude syndrome

Answer 4

occulomotor nerve fibers: ipsilateral oculomotor nerve palsy
cuperior cerebellar peduncles/red nucleus: contralateral ataxia

Question 5

ataxia

Answer 5

A lack of coordination of voluntary movements. Common causes include impaired cerebellar function (cerebellar ataxia), impaired vestibular function, and/or loss of proprioceptive sensation (sensory ataxia).

Question 6

paramedian midbrain syndrome

Answer 6

benedikt syndrome
oculomotor nerve fibres: ipsilateral occulomotor nerve palsy
corticospinal tract: contralateral hemiparesis
red nucleus: contralateral rural tremor

Question 7

red nucleus

Answer 7

A pair of oval-shaped structures located in the midbrain that, together with the cerebellum, function to maintain muscular tone, motor coordination, and gait. Appear red on gross inspection because of their high iron content.

Question 8

rubral tremor

Answer 8

Holmes tremor
Midbrain tremor, Rubral tremor

A low frequency (< 4.5 Hz), large amplitude tremor that is present at rest and worsened by maintaining a posture, or by peforming specific activities (a combination of resting, postural, and intention tremor). Occurs following to damage to the ipsilateral red nucleus and/or rubrospinal pathway.

Question 9

dorsal midbrain syndrome

Answer 9

parinaud syndrome
tectal plate and medial longitudinal fasciculus
Vertical gaze palsy
Eyelid retraction (Collier sign)
Pupillary light-near dissociation (pseudo-Argyll Robertson pupils)
Convergence-retraction nystagmus

Question 10

nothnagel syndrome

Answer 10

superior colliculi: ipsilateral or bilateral occulomotor palsy
superior cerebellar peduncle: ipsilateral cerebellar ataxia