breathing and exchange of gases

Question 1

respiration by gills is called

Answer 1

branchial

Question 2

respiration by skin is called

Answer 2

cutaneous

Question 3

pharynx is lined by

Answer 3

stratified non-keratinised epithelium

Question 4

trachea extends up to the ___ where it divides into primary bronchi

Answer 4

5th thoracic vertebrae

Question 5

incomplete rings extend from _____ to _____ and are ___ in number

Answer 5

trachea to the initial bronchioles; 16-20

Question 6

alveoli are lined by

Answer 6

squamous epithelium

Question 7

pleura is a ____ layered membrane and is filled with ______

Answer 7

double: pleural fluid

Question 8

pleura always has a _____ pressure, at inspiration it is ___ and expiration ___

Answer 8

negative; -6; -4

Question 9

conducting part of respiratory system is from ____ to ____

Answer 9

external nostrils to terminal bronchioles

Question 10

conducting part helps in

Answer 10

removing foreign particles, purify air, humidify air, bring it to body temp

Question 11

thoracic chamber is bounded ventrally by ___, dorsally by ___, laterally by ___, and on the lower end is ____

Answer 11

sternum: vertebral column, ribs, diaphragm

Question 12

during inspiration _____ of diaphragm and ______

Answer 12

contraction; external intercostal muscles

Question 13

contraction of diaphragm increases the volume in the _____

Answer 13

antero-posterior axis

Question 14

contraction of external intercostals increases volume in the ___

Answer 14

dorso-ventral axis

Question 15

intrapulmonary pressure is _____ than atmospheric pressure during inspiration

Answer 15

lesser

Question 16

intrapulmonary pressure is _____ than atmospheric pressure during expiration

Answer 16

greater

Question 17

forced breathing is regulated by ____

Answer 17

internal intercostals and abdominal muscles

Question 18

normal breathing rate is

Answer 18

12-16 times per minute

Question 19

total volume of air a person can breathe in normal respiration is called ____ and value is

Answer 19

tidal volume; 500 ml

Question 20

ADDITIONAL volume of air a person can inspire due to forced inspiration is ___ and value is

Answer 20

inspiratory reserve volume: 2500-3000 ml

Question 21

ADDITIONAL volume of air a person can expire due to forced expiration is __ and value is

Answer 21

expiratory reserve volume; 1000-1100 ml

Question 22

the volume of air which is left in the lungs after forced expiration is ___ and value is

Answer 22

residual volume; 1100-1200 ml

Question 23

the total volume of air a person can breathe in after a normal expiration is ___

Answer 23

inspiratory capacity = TV + IRV

Question 24

The total volume a person can breathe out after normal inspiration is __

Answer 24

expiratory capacity = TV + ERV

Question 25

The total volume of air which is left inside the lungs after a normal expiration is ____

Answer 25

functional residual volume = RV + ERV

Question 26

The total volume of air which can be breathed in after a forced expiration or breathed out after a forced inspiration is called ___

Answer 26

vital capacity = TV + ERV + IRV

Question 27

The maximum volume of air that can be accommodated in the lungs after a forced inspiration is ___

Answer 27

total lung capacity = TV + ERV + IRV + RV

Question 28

TLC =

Answer 28

VC + RV

Question 29

The solubility of co2 is _____ than o2

Answer 29

20-25 times higher

Question 30

the diffusion membrane for gases between alveoli and blood is ___

Answer 30

squamous epithelium of alveoli + basement substance + endothelium of blood vessel

Question 31

the diffusion boundary is less than ____

Answer 31

a millimeter

Question 32

pO2 in alveoli is ____

Answer 32

104 mmHg

Question 33

po2 in artery is ___

Answer 33

95 mmhg

Question 34

po2 in atmosphere is __

Answer 34

159 mmhg

Question 35

pco2 in atmosphere is

Answer 35

0.3 mmhg

Question 36

o2 is carried ____ in rbc and ___ in plasma

Answer 36

97% in rbc and 3% in plasma

Question 37

co2 is carried ___ in rbc ____ in plasma ____ as bicarbonate

Answer 37

20-25% in rbc, 7% in plasma and 70% as bicarbonates

Question 38

co2 is carried in rbc as ____

Answer 38

carbaminohaemoglobin

Question 39

oxygen is carried in rbc as ____

Answer 39

oxyhaemoglobin

Question 40

when po2 increases, dissociation curve shifts towards ____

Answer 40

left (higher percentage saturation)

Question 41

50% saturation is obtained at ___

Answer 41

25 mmHg

Question 42

every 100 ml of blood carries ____ of o2 and ____ of co2 and _____ of haemoglobin

Answer 42

5 ml; 4 ml; 12-16g/20ml

Question 43

co2 + h2o + carbonic anhydrase =

Answer 43

hco3- and h+ (formed at tissues)

Question 44

carbonic anhydrase is controlled by ___

Answer 44

Zn2+

Question 45

medulla oblongata has the ____

Answer 45

respiratory rhythm center

Question 46

respiratory rhythm center controls ____ and decreases the _____

Answer 46

rate of respiration; decreases duration of inspiration

Question 47

pneumotaxic center is in ____

Answer 47

pons

Question 48

pneumotaxic center controls the switch on and off of _____

Answer 48

respiratory rhythm center

Question 49

chemosensitive area detects ____ in ____ blood

Answer 49

excess co2 and hco3- in arterial blood

Question 50

inflammation of bronchi and bronchioles cause

Answer 50

asthma

Question 51

damage to alevoli causes

Answer 51

emphysema

Question 52

emphysema is caused by

Answer 52

cigarette smoking

Question 53

inflammation of nasal mucus membrane causes

Answer 53

rhinitis

Question 54

workers in grinding industry suffer ___

Answer 54

lung fibrosis

Question 55

cotton industry causes __

Answer 55

byssinosis (brown lung)

Question 56

coal industry causes ___

Answer 56

anthracnosis (black lung)

Question 57

surfactant on lungs which prevent collapse is ____ and it is secreted by ____

Answer 57

lecithin; alveoli

Question 58

COPD (chronic obstructive pathway disorder) includes

Answer 58

bronchitis, emphysema, asthma

Question 59

collapse of lung is called

Answer 59

atelectasis