C4.2 - Transfers of Energy & Matter

Question 1

ecosystem

Answer 1

all of organisms and abiotic factorse

Question 2

open system

Answer 2

resources can enter and exit

Question 3

closed system

Answer 3

energy can enter and exit, but matter cannot

Question 4

primary energy source for most ecosystems

Answer 4

sunlight

Question 5

producers convert solar energy into …

Answer 5

chemical energy through photosynthesis

Question 6

factors influencing production of producers

Answer 6

light intensity and proportion absorbed by producers

Question 7

open caves primary energy source

Answer 7

dead things that flow into the cave

Question 8

closed caves primary energy source

Answer 8

chemosynthetic bacteria harness energy from chemical reactions

Question 9

flow of chemical energy through food chain

Answer 9

start with producers and show feeding relationship

arrows symbolize flow of energy

nothing feeds on last organism

Question 10

decomposer energy source

Answer 10

dead organisms
discarded body parts
feces

Question 11

autotrophs

Answer 11

synthesize inorganic compounds to make carbon compounds

Question 12

carbon compounds synthesized by autotrophs

Answer 12

amino acid, carbohydrates, fatty acids, steroids, etc

Question 13

energy source of autotrophs to synthesize organic compounds

Answer 13

sunlight (photoautotroph)
chemical reactions (chemoautotrophs)

Question 14

oxidation

Answer 14

loss of electrons

Question 15

what happens to iron when exposed to air

Answer 15

oxidation

Question 16

what does oxidation release

Answer 16

energy

Question 17

bacteria and oxidation energy

Answer 17

bacteria capture electrons lost from oxidation of iron to reduce and use to produce ATP

Question 18

organism that uses external energy

Answer 18

autotroph

Question 19

organism that receives carbon compounds and energy by feeding on other organisms

Answer 19

heterotroph

Question 20

digestion

Answer 20

chemical breakdown of molecules

Question 21

internal digestion process

Answer 21

ingest, digest, absorb, make new compound

Question 22

external digestion process

Answer 22

release enzymes, digest, absorb, make new compounds

Question 23

autotrophic oxidation of carbon compounds in cell respiration

Answer 23

make and oxidize their own carbon compound

Question 24

heterotrophic oxidation of carbon compounds in cell respiration

Answer 24

oxidize compounds they eat

Question 25

trophic levels depend on

Answer 25

where organism is in food chain

Question 26

energy pyramid

Answer 26

shows amount of energy gained per year per unit of area at each trophic level

Question 27

how much energy is transferred from each trophic levels to next

Answer 27

10%

Question 28

why are trophic levels limited in an energy pyramid

Answer 28

significant energy loss from one trophic lvl to next

Question 29

reasons for significant energy loss in trophic levels

Answer 29

cell respiration (fewer CO2 available for oxidation + heat loss) incomplete consumption (not every part is eaten) incomplete digestion (not eaten part ids digestable)

Question 30

influence of restrictions on ecosystems due to energy loss b/w trophic levels

Answer 30

amt of trophic levels amt of biomass at each level

Question 31

factors that lead to an increase in biomass

Answer 31

growth and reproduction

Question 32

primary production is ...

Answer 32

accumulation of carbon compounds in biomass by autotrophs

Question 33

gross primary production

Answer 33

total biomass of carbon compounds made during photosynthesis

Question 34

net primary production

Answer 34

amount of biomass available to consumers due toloss of biomass during respiration

Question 35

secondary production

Answer 35

increase in biomass by heterotrophs

Question 36

why does biomass decrease with each trophic level

Answer 36

fewer oxidizable carbon compounds lead to less biomass per unit of area being produced

Question 37

carbon pool

Answer 37

reserve or storage place for certain elements

Question 38

carbon flux

Answer 38

transfer of an element from one pool to another

Question 39

main carbon flux

Answer 39

photosynthesis and respiration

Question 40

carbon sink

Answer 40

net uptake of carbon high photosynthesis low respiration ex: forest

Question 41

carbon source

Answer 41

net release of carbon low photosynthesis high respiration

Question 42

factors influencing carbon fluxes

Answer 42

decomposition rates biosequestration fires

Question 43

biosequestration

Answer 43

living things storing carbon

Question 44

effect of fossilization

Answer 44

creates carbon sink in form of peat, coal, oil & natural gas

Question 45

combustion releases

Answer 45

carbon

Question 46

in order for atmospheric levels to remain constant...

Answer 46

uptake in sinks = release from source

Question 47

keeling curve

Answer 47

highlights rise in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO₂) levels over time

Question 48

overal trend

Answer 48

up due to human activity

Question 49

annual trend

Answer 49

up and down due to photosynthesis rates

Question 50

bidirectionality of respiration and photosynthesis

Answer 50

aerobic respiration depends on oxygen produced by photosynthesis which depends on carbon dioxide produced by respiration

Question 51

living things are made of ...

Answer 51

CHONP carbon hydrogen oxygen nitrogen phosphorus

Question 52

where are nutrients by organisms

Answer 52

absorption & consumption

Question 53

importance of recycling of nutrients

Answer 53

quantities are limited, must be recycled by decomposers and returned for reuptake

Question 54

construct carbon cycle diagram

Answer 54

check notebook notes

Question 55

why are decomposers important in nutrient cycle

Answer 55

make nutrients that are no longer needed by organisms available to others that do not need them

Question 56

peat

Answer 56

partially decomposed organic matter trapped under acidic water logged soil (anoxic) method of carbon sequestration

Question 57

coal

Answer 57

hard black rock that can be burned to generate electricity or direct heat

Question 58

crude oil

Answer 58

black viscous liquid trapped between layers of rock

Question 59

natural gas

Answer 59

lowest density petroleum product

Question 60

hydrocarbon rich subtances

Answer 60

peat crude oil coal natural gas