C4.1 - Populations & Communities

Question 1

population

Answer 1

group of individual organisms of same species living and interacting in same area

Question 2

species in same population can …

Answer 2

interbreed to produce fertile offspring

Question 3

random sample

Answer 3

every member in population has equal chance of being selected for sample

Question 4

sampling error

Answer 4

difference between the true and estimated value

Question 5

sessile organism

Answer 5

does not move

Question 6

motile organism

Answer 6

moves

Question 7

how to count motile organisms

Answer 7

capture
mark
release
recapture
calculate lincoln index

Question 8

assumptions of counting motile organisms

Answer 8

no migration
no death
marked and unmarked have same chance of being captures
marks remain visible
marks do not affec survivals

Question 9

population of motile organism formula

Answer 9

(marked x recaptured)/ # of recaptured with mark

Question 10

carrying capacity

Answer 10

maximum population size that an environment can support

Question 11

scarcity of resources fosters…

Answer 11

competition

Question 12

negative feedback control

Answer 12

populations might rise and fall periodically but are relatively stable

Question 13

density independent factors

Answer 13

have same effect no matter population size (ex: fire)

Question 14

density dependent factors

Answer 14

have an increasing effect when population is larger

Question 15

example of density dependent factors

Answer 15

competition
predation
diseases/parasites

Question 16

negative feedback control

Answer 16

prevents system from going too far in one direction

Question 17

negative feedback control of high birth low death

Answer 17

density dependent factors cause more deaths and fewer births

Question 18

negative feedback control of high death low birth

Answer 18

density dependent factors cause fewer deaths and more births

Question 19

positive feedback

Answer 19

reproduction causes exponential growth

Question 20

exponential growth

Answer 20

density dependent factors are not effective or movement into new niche where resources are abundant

Question 21

phases of sigmoid curve of population growth

Answer 21

exponential
transitional
plateau

Question 22

exponential phase of population growth

Answer 22

individuals increase at fast rate
abundance of resources
minimal competition
favorable abiotic factors

Question 23

tranisitonal phase of population growth

Answer 23

growth rate slows down
increasing competition
attracts predators
disease begins to spread

Question 24

plateau phase of population growth

Answer 24

no more growth, population stabilizes

Question 25

community

Answer 25

several populations living and interacting together

Question 26

intraspecific relationships

Answer 26

relationship between individuals of same species

Question 27

competition

Answer 27

occupation of same ecological niche

Question 28

ex of competition in plants

Answer 28

competition for light, pollinators, soil nutrients

Question 29

ex of competition in animals

Answer 29

competition for food, territory, mates

Question 30

impact of competition

Answer 30

leads to natural selection some individuals will out compete others

Question 31

cooperation

Answer 31

mutualy beneficial relationships

Question 32

ex of cooperation

Answer 32

huddling to stay warm hutning in groups defense against predators

Question 33

interspecific relationships

Answer 33

relationships between diff species

Question 34

herbivory interspecific relation

Answer 34

primary consumer eating primary producer may or mat not kill producer ex: sheep grazing on grass

Question 35

types of interspecific relations (6)

Answer 35

herbivory predation interspecific competition mutualism parasitism pathogenicity

Question 36

predation

Answer 36

one species kills and eats another species predator - prey relationship ex: hawk eating mouse

Question 37

interspecific competition

Answer 37

two diff species compete for same resources ex: cheetah and lion compete for prey, ivy climbing oak tree to compete for light

Question 38

mutualism

Answer 38

two diff species both benefitting from each other ex: coral and zooxanthellae

Question 39

parasitism

Answer 39

parasite lives in or on host does NOT kill host ex: ticks on deer, tapeworms in blue whale, padama plant living off nutrients in vine roots

Question 40

pathogenicity

Answer 40

pathogen lives inside host causes disease ex: HIV in human, tuberculosis bacteria in badgers, potato blight fungus

Question 41

examples of mutualism

Answer 41

plant root nodules in fabaceae mycorrhizae in orchids zooxanthellae in coral

Question 42

bidirectional mutualism of root nodules in fabaceae (pea plant)

Answer 42

pea plants develop nodules to protect bacteria from consumers (provides carb for energy to bacteria) bacteria absorb and fix nitrogen to avoid nitrogen deficiency

Question 43

bidirectional mutualism of mycorrhizae in orchids

Answer 43

orchids provide carbs from photosynthesis for fungus fungus absorbs & supplies nutrients from soil (water, nitrogen, phosphorus)

Question 44

bidirectional mutualism of zooxanthellae in coral

Answer 44

coral provide protected environment close to surface of water for algae to receive light and CO2 zooxanthellae provide carbs and oxygen from photosynthesis

Question 45

endemic species

Answer 45

occur naturally in an area

Question 46

alien species

Answer 46

introduced outside their range by human activity

Question 47

invasive species

Answer 47

alien species that spread rapidly due to the lack of density dependent factors

Question 48

competition b/w invasive and endemic species

Answer 48

invasive can outcompete endemic species bc endemic species occupy smaller niche ex: red lionfish in caribbean

Question 49

top down control

Answer 49

something from higher in food chain affects a lower level (predation)

Question 50

bottom down control

Answer 50

something from lower level affects a higher one (nutrient sources)

Question 51

primary metabolies

Answer 51

molecules needed for the basic functions of life such as energy and growth

Question 52

secondary metabolies

Answer 52

molecules used in allelopathy

Question 53

allelopathy

Answer 53

production of secondary metabolies that influence growth and success of other molecules

Question 54

ex of allelopathy

Answer 54

inhibiting seed germination interfering with nutrient uptake in roots killing bacteria or inhibiting growth

Question 55

allelopathy in plants (garlic mustard)

Answer 55

produces secondary metabolites called sinigrin, can inhibit germinating on seeds from other plants & reduce growth

Question 56

allelopathy in microbes (penicillum rubens)

Answer 56

produces penicillin to stop growth of bacteria (antibiotics) to compete for space and food to establish bacteria free zone