cancer Flashcards
(10 cards)
all cancers come from
mutations and unregulated growth
cell cycle
starts as new cell and goes through growth period, goes to checkpoint 1 will kill itself if not okay. continues to make more DNA then checkpoint 2. Then cell divides with mitosis and has checkpoint 3
2 kinds of tumours
benign - mature cells and all the same. encapsulated (no spread). but can cause pressure in enclosed space
malignant - immature (undifferentiated). non encapsulated (spreads) metastases.
3 kinds of cancerous mutations
accelerator - proto-oncogene. normal growth gene, encourages cells to growth and divide. if stop working can grow to much and in wrong place.
tumor supressor gene - kills mutated genes. if stop working it cannot kill mutated genes
dna repar gene - dna gets damaged daily. Gene repairs damaged DNA, if broken cannot repair DNA.
risk factors
biological
BRCA, Colon cancer
enviromental
radition
smoking alcohol asbestos
inflammation
obesity - stomach has gland that produces hormone for inflammation
food intake - high fat, low vegetables and fruit
socioeconomic - food intake and detection
S/S + caution up
fatigue, cachexia, pain
C- change in bowel or bladder habits
A - sore that doesnt heal
Unusual bleeding or discharge
Thickness or lump in breast or elsewhere
Indigestion or difficulty swallowing
Obvious changes in warts or moles
Nagging cough or persistent hoarseness
Unexplained weightless
Pervious anemia
detection
MRI/CT/ultrasound
biospy
tumor markers
staging
TNM
t - tumor size
n - number of lymph nodes
m - metaisze
difference between cancer staging and tumor grading
tumor grading - compares tumor cells to host cells and awards grade based on level of resemblence
cancer staging - about size of tumor and level of spread. higher grade and stage the more sever the tumor
treatment
surgery - remove tumor
radiation - localised attack
chemotherapy - kills every growing cell
