causes of disease 2 Flashcards
(18 cards)
What is hypercapnia?
Build up of carbon dioxide in the blood due to respiratory issues
Hypercapnia can lead to acidosis and decreased consciousness.
What does acidosis do to blood?
Makes blood more acidic due to insufficient buffering of H+ by hemoglobin
Acidosis occurs when there is too much CO2 in the blood.
What is CO2 narcosis?
Decrease of consciousness that can lead to coma or death
Caused by excessive carbon dioxide levels in the blood.
What is uremia? s/s
Build up of urea in the blood due to renal issues
Uremia can lead to symptoms like nausea, vomiting, and anorexia. and tissue deposition where urea goes to other tissues not blood. can leas to oedema, pruitis, peripheral neuroptahy and pericarditis
What normal urea level is considered healthy?
3.2 to 7.7 mmol/L
Levels higher than this may indicate kidney dysfunction or dehydration.
What are the effects of hypovolemia?
Too little blood volume, correlating to dehydration or blood loss
Hypovolemia can lead to various health complications.
What is hypervolemia?
Too much fluid in the blood
Can lead to hypertension and edema.
What are important electrolytes in the body?
Sodium and potassium
Imbalances can disrupt many bodily functions.
What role do neurotransmitters play?
Chemicals released by neurons to engage with other neurons or effectors
Imbalances can affect signaling in neuronal pathways. and muscle movement
What can result from imbalances in hormones?
Wide range of possible effects, including changes in metabolic rate
For example, hypothyroidism can cause fatigue decrease hr and bp while hyperthyroidism can increase heart rate and BP.
What are enzymes needed for?
Most chemical reactions to occur in the body
Imbalances can affect metabolism of other chemicals.
What happens with excessive clotting factors? and decrease
too much Can decrease or stop blood flow
decrease clot factors can lead to excessive bleeding and bleed out.
What is a mutation?
A change in DNA, occurring due to alterations in DNA sequencing
Can include deletions, additions, or swaps of bases.
What causes mutations?
Can occur randomly or due to mutagens
Mutagens include chemicals, microorganisms, and environmental factors.
What is a genetic disease?
Mutations that are inherited, e.g., in sperm or eggs
Some genetic diseases are expressed only if the individual is homozygous recessive.
What is recessive inheritance?
Mutation on a recessive allele is not expressed unless homozygous recessive
Heterozygous individuals are carriers. but dont have disease
What is X-linked inheritance?
Mutation on allele on X chromosome
More common in males due to XY pairing.
What does the nature vs nurture concept imply?
Diseases result from a combination of genetic, environmental, and sociological factors
Individual lifestyle can significantly impact health outcomes.
