causes of disease 1 Flashcards
(28 cards)
What is a key characteristic of bacteria?
Has a cell wall and proteins sticking out
Some bacteria are harmless, while others produce toxins that can cause disease.
What is a toxin?
A chemical that acts as a poison
Toxins can remain on bacterial cells or be released into the bloodstream. and causes cell to stop working
What is the difference between localized and systemic infections?
Localized - infection in a contained place; Systemic - infection in the whole body
What are the components of a virus?
DNA or RNA wrapped in a protein coat
Viruses use antigens to enter cells and replicate.
how to virsus causes infection
- uses cell organelles to create copies of virsus and eventually so many viruses that cell bursts and virsus copies spread through blood
- insert DNa into our dna which causes a mutation
Type 1 hypersensitivity?
Antibodies trigger Eosinophils, causing excessive inflammation. causing vasodialation and flkuid leaking which causes runny nose, watery eyes
This is also known as an allergy.
What is urticaria?
Hives caused by histamine-induced vasodilation and fluid leakage rises up to skin in patches
What is anaphylaxis?
A systemic allergic reaction characterized by massive vasodilation and fluid leakage. AIrways constrict and swells
What is the role of antihistamines?
Blocks histamine by grabbing receptors before histamine can
Can cause drowsiness.
What is the function of epinephrine in allergic reactions?, monitor, complications and nurse
Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system for bronchodilation and vasoconstriction. can cause tremors, tachcardia and hyperdension. caution. with HR and rhythym meds. monitor - breathe sounds, RR and pattern, Hr and BP
nurses inject into muscle not Iv
What is Type 2 hypersensitivity?
self attack
Antibodies attack your own cells, either antibodies change randmmly or B cells produce antibodies against our own cells
Often occurs after viral infections.
Give an example of Type 2 hypersensitivity.
Hashimoto’s thyroiditis
What is Type 3 hypersensitivity described as?
impaction
Impaction of antibody/antigen complexes blocking capillaries as cant get phagocytised causing inflmmation which destroys capillairies and tissues
Give an example of Type 3 hypersensitivity.
Glomerulonephritis and lupus
What is Type 4 hypersensitivity characterized by?
self attack
Uses T cells to kill healthy cells, relsease chemicals which hurt our healthy cells
Provide an example of Type 4 hypersensitivity.
Type 1 diabetes or latex allergy
What are the stages of normal inflammation?
- Histamine release to blood vessels 2. Vasodilation to increase blood flow to area 3. Increased permeability for fluid and cell leak into tissues 4. White blood cell migration to site 5. Phagocytosis of bacteria and damage cells
What occurs during the rebuilding phase after inflammation?
Collagen fills in gaps of damaged tissue
This can lead to regeneration (little damage and regen of normal orgial tissue) or fibrosis. (big damage collagen stays as permanent )
What does chronic inflammation lead to?
repeated inflammation of same area. WBC can destory healthy tissue with digestive enzymes so we remodel tissue with collagen. we remodel and replace squsihy tissue with hard tissue. cna cause sclerosis (hardening of something that shouldnt be hard)
Can result in sclerosis.
What is ischemia?
A decrease in blood flow, usually from blocked arteries
causes hypoxia
What is hypoxia?
Lack of oxygen can be due to sichemia. cause anarobeic respiration —> lactic acid
What happens to cells during hypoxia?
Result in cellular dysfunction and death
What is necrosis?
Death of cells within a tissue due to lack of oxygen or glucose
What is the role of inflammation in necrosis?
Used to remove necrotic tissue through phagocytosis
