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Reproductive System > Cancer > Flashcards

Cancer Flashcards

1
Q

where in the cervix does cervical cancer arise

A

in the transformation zone - this is where there is natural metaplasia of glandular epithelia from the endocervix to squamous epithelia found in the exocervix

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2
Q

how does HPV cause cervical cancer

A

expresses the viral protein E6 and E7 which inhibit the tumour suppressor gene p53 and pRB - this means theres increased cell proliferation and less DNA repair

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3
Q

which HPV strains are high risk for cervical cancer

A

16 and 18

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4
Q

what are risk factors for cervical cancer

A 
HPV 
immunodeficiency 
smoking 
multiple births 
multiple partners 
oral contraceptive pill
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5
Q

what is a Pap test

A

where cells from the transformation zone of the cervix are scraped off, stained and examined

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6
Q

what is colposcopy

A

where the is a visual examination of the cervix

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7
Q

when does cervical screening start and how often is it repeated

A

at 25 and repeated every 5 years

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8
Q

what are the advantages of the HPV vaccination to boys

A

prevents penile cancer

acts as herd immunity as penile cancer can also cause cervical cancer

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9
Q

what is CIN

A

cervical intraepithelial neoplasm - where there is dysplasia of the squamous cells but it has not breached the basement membrane

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10
Q

what levels of CIN may regress on its own

A

I and II

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11
Q

what is CIN III

A

carcinoma in situ - lots of squamous dysplasia but just not breached the basement membrane yet

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12
Q

what is the most common types of cervical carcinomas

A 
80% = squamous cell carcinomas 
20% = adenocarcinomas
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13
Q

what type of cancer are vulval tumours usually

A

squamous cell carcinomas

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14
Q

what is the most common cause of vulval cancer in pre-menopausal women

A

HPV

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15
Q

what are the most common causes of vulval cancer in post-menopausal women

A

vulval irritation/inflammation:

  • squamous hyperplasia
  • Lichen sclerosis
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16
Q

what is Lichen sclerosis

A

fibrosis of the superficial dermis causing chronic irritation giving squamous abnormalities

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17
Q

what is VIN

A

vulval intraepithelial neoplasm - abnormal squamous cells which havent invaded through the basement membrane - precursor to squamous cell carcinoma

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18
Q

where do vulval carcinomas spread

A

inguinal, pelvic, iliac and para-aortic lymph nodes

19
Q

what are the risk factors of endometrial cancer

A

high oestrogen exposure causing hyperplasia:

  • obesity
  • exogenous oestrogen
  • annovulation
20
Q

why can obesity increase the risk of endometrial hyperplasia

A

adipose tissue contains the enzyme aromatase which converts androgens to oestrogen so theres an increase in circulating oestrogen

21
Q

what type of cancer is endometrial cancer

A

adenocarcinomas

22
Q

what are the 2 types of endometrial adenocarcinomas

A
  1. endometrioid endometrial adenocarcinomas

2. serous adenocarcinoma

23
Q

which type of endometrial adenocarcinoma gives a worse prognosis

A

serous adenocarcinoma - spreads more easily

24
Q

what type of cancer is found in the myometrium

A

leiomyomas (fibroids) - bengin, smooth muscle tumours

25
Q

what symptoms are seen with myometrial tumours

A

heavy/painful periods, urinary frequency, infertility

26
Q

what tumour markers are seen with testicular cancer

A

alpha fetoprotein and HCG

27
Q

what type of germ cell tumours are seen in males

A

seminomas or non-seminomatous

28
Q

what are non-seminomatous tumours usually made up of

A

a mixture of yolk sac tumour, choriocarcinomas, teratomas and embryonal tumours

29
Q

in what ages are teratomas in males benign/malignant

A

bengin in pre-puberty

malignant in post-puberty

30
Q

what are the most common types of sperm cord-stomal tumours in males

A

sertoli or leydig cell tumours

31
Q

what tumour marker is seen in ovarian cancer

A

CA-125

32
Q

how is the contraceptive pill protective of ovarian cancer

A

reduces ovulation so means theres less trauma and scarring/healing of the ovaries

33
Q

what are the 4 classifications of ovarian cancers

A

mullerian epithelium tumours

germ cell tumours

sperm cord-stroma tumours

metasises

34
Q

what are the 3 types of mullerian epithelia tumours

A

serous
mucinous
endometrioid

35
Q

what are the types of germ cell cancer in the ovaries

A

teratomas, yolk sac tumour, embryonal, choriocarcinomas

36
Q

what are the 3 types of teratomas in females

A

bengin, malignant or monodermal

37
Q

what are monodermal teratomas

A

tumours composed of thyroid tissue so can cause hyperthyroidism if functional

38
Q

what are teratomas

A

tumours containing hair, sebaceous glands, teeth and a range of other tissue

39
Q

what are mucinous tumour like

A

cystic, benign and glandular

40
Q

where do serous tumour spread

A

to peritoneal surfaces causing ascites

41
Q

what are endometrioid tumours

A

tumours which resemble endometrial glandular tissue

42
Q

what is a kruckenberg tumour

A

tumour from the stomach which spreads to the ovaries

43
Q

what 2 types of sex cord-stroma tumours are seen in females

A

feminising - made up of granulose/theca cells

masculinising - made up of sertoli/Leydig cells

Reproductive System (15 decks)

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