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Reproductive System > Fetal Development > Flashcards

Fetal Development Flashcards

1
Q

what is the ductus venosus

A

fetal blood shunt which bypasses the liver

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2
Q

why is the ductus venosus important

A

the liver is very metabolically active so will use up the oxygen in the umbilical veins on the way to the heart

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3
Q

what is the ductus arteriosus

A

fetal blood shunt causing blood to move from the pulmonary trunk into the aorta

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4
Q

why is the ductus arteriosus important

A

to bypass the lungs as these are not functional

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5
Q

what is the foramen ovale

A

fetal blood shunt, moving blood from the RA to LA

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6
Q

why is the foramen ovale important

A

to bypass the lungs and RV

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7
Q

what factors allow for an increase in the pO2 gradient between the mother and fetus

A
  • increase in maternal pO2 through hyperventilation
  • increase in maternal 2,3-BPG
  • fetal haemoglobin
  • double Bohr effect
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8
Q

how does a increase in maternal 2,3-BPG increase the pO2 gradient

A

it means at the placenta there is a loss of affinity of Hb for oxygen so more is given up, producing a high pO2 in maternal blood

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9
Q

how does fetal haemoglobin produce an increase in the pO2 gradient

A

it has a higher affinity for oxygen so there will be less oxygen in the fetal blood, keeping the pO2 lower

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10
Q

describe the double Bohr effect

A
  • the CO2 from the fetus causes a decrease of pH in the mother, this causes a loss of affinity of the Hb for oxygen
  • in the fetus the loss of CO2 increases the pH which causes an increase in affinity of the Hb to oxygen
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11
Q

what happens to the heart rate in fetal hypoxia

A

it slows down

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12
Q

what is normal fetal heart rate

A

110-160 bpm

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13
Q

what are the 2 types of growth restriction

A

asymmetrical and symmetrical

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14
Q

what is symmetrical growth restriction

A

where the baby is smaller but the body is proportionally smaller

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15
Q

what is asymmetrical growth restriction

A

where the head/abdomen may be bigger or smaller resulting in not normal proportions

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16
Q

why does physiological jaundice occur at birth

A

as the liver must mature to conjugate and excrete the bilirubin as the mother did this previously

17
Q

what birth weight does growth restriction class as

A

under 2500g

18
Q

what is it known as when the birth weight is above 4500g

A

macrosomia

19
Q

give a cause of macrosomia

A

gestational/maternal diabetes

20
Q

give some ways of assessing ante-natal development

A
  • 20 weeks fetal movement can be detected
  • symphsis-fetal height
  • ultra sound
  • doppler ultra sound (see placental flow)
  • crown rump length
  • femur length
  • biparietal circumference
  • abdominal circumference
21
Q

how is the amniotic fluid produced after 9 weeks

A

through the urine production by the fetal kidneys

22
Q

how is amniotic fluid recycled

A
  • inhaled by the fetus

- swallowed by fetus

23
Q

what does inhaling the amniotic fluid result in

A

development of the lungs

allows the lung muscles to start moving preventing atrophy

24
Q

what happens to the swallowed amniotic fluid

A

it is absorbed through the GI tract

25
Q

what happens to the amniotic fluid which is not absorbed by the GI

A

it is combined with the secreted fetal bile to form meconium

26
Q

what happens to the meconium in fetal stress

A

it is prematurely released

27
Q

what part of the primitive gut tube does the respiratory system develop from

A

foregut

28
Q

what separates the GI tract and the respiratory tract

A

tracheoesphageal septum

29
Q

what is fetal bradycardia associated with

A

hypoxia

30
Q

what is it called when there is too little amniotic fluid

A

oliohydramnios

31
Q

what is it called when there is too much amniotic fluid

A

polyhydramnios

32
Q

give some reasons for oligohydramnios

A

placental insufficiency, maternal hypertension, bladder outlet obstruction

33
Q

give some reasons for polyhydramnios

A

CNS problems with swallowing, blind ended oesophagus, poor positioning of the tracheoesphageal septum

34
Q

when does myelination of the brain begin

A

after birth

35
Q

how can premature birth cause respiratory distress syndrome

A

not enough surfactant may be produced

36
Q

when is the majority of surfactant produced

A

week 34

37
Q

when do the alveoli appear (terminal stage f respiratory development)

A

26 weeks

Reproductive System (15 decks)

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