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Reproductive System > Pregnancy > Flashcards

Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

what is the chorionic membrane made up of

A

cytotrophoblast and syncytitrophoblast

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2
Q

which part of the trophoblast allows for implantation

A

syncytiotrophoblast as this contains specialised receptors to allow for initial contact and to enter the endometrium

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3
Q

when and where does implantation occur

A

day 6 on the superior, posterior uterine wall

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4
Q

what is an ectopic pregnancy

A

where implantation occurs anywhere other than the uterine body

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5
Q

where do ectopic pregnancies most commonly occur

A

Fallopian tubes

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6
Q

what is placenta praevia

A

where implantation occurs over the internal os

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7
Q

how many umbilical arteries are there and what do they carry

A

2 carrying deoxygenated blood from the foetus to the placenta

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8
Q

how many umbilical veins are there and what do they carry

A

1 carrying oxygenated blood from the placenta to the foetus

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9
Q

what is the decidua

A

the modified endometrium which controls the invasion of the embryo into the endometrium

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10
Q

what is the decidua like in pre-eclampsia

A

sub-optimal therefore doesn’t allow full implantation of the embryo

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11
Q

what cardiovascular changes are seen in a pregnant woman

A

varicose veins and oedema - due to increased IVC pressure from compression
bp may decrease slightly
hypertrophy of heart, heart murmur

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12
Q

what may cause a decrease in bp in pregnancy

A

progesterone causing vasodilation

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13
Q

what happens to calcium metabolism during pregnancy

A

placenta produces DHCC which increases calcium absorption to pass to the foetus to help bone development

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14
Q

what steroid hormones are produced by the placenta

A

oestrogen and progesterone

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15
Q

when does the placenta start producing steers hormones

A

about 11 weeks

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16
Q

how does inhibin prevent a further pregnancy

A

inhibits FSH so follicle maturation can’t occur

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17
Q

what affects does progesterone have

A

vasodilator

increases appetite

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18
Q

why is an increase in appetite advantageous in pregnancy

A

to increase fat stores to supply foetus when its more metabolically active and for use of fatty acids for respiration for the mother

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19
Q

what protein hormones does the placenta produce

A

hCG
hCS
hCT
hCC

20
Q

what does hCG do

A

supports corpus leutum until placenta takes over hormone production

21
Q

where is hCG produced

A

syncytiotrophoblast

22
Q

what does hCS stand for

A

human chorionic somatomammotrophin

23
Q

what does hCS do

A

decreases the mothers sensitivity to insulin so there is more glucose circulating in her blood so more glucose to diffuse across the placenta

24
Q

what structures in the placenta allow for maximising exchange

A

villi in the cotyledons

25
Q

what are cotyledons

A

areas where both maternal tissue and fatal villi are found and so where exchange occurs

26
Q

what happens to the placenta membrane as the foetus grows

A

it gets thinner - decreasing the diffusion gradient

27
Q

what do the cytotrophoblast do

A

develop into the syncytiotrophoblast is there are holes/gaps in this layer

28
Q

how is passive immunity achieved through the placenta

A

IgG can diffuse through the placenta to supply the foetus

29
Q

what is teratogenesis

A

when normal development of the fetus is altered

30
Q

what are teratogens

A

agents which influence/alter normal development of the fetus

31
Q

give some examples of teratogens

A

alcohol, thalidomide, warfarin, ACE inhibitors, smoking

32
Q

when is the most sensitive period for the effect of teratogens

A

embryonic period (2-8 weeks)

33
Q

what is a molar pregnancy

A

where there is overgrowth of the trophoblast and so implantation can go all the way through the uterus and it can spread into the blood

34
Q

what is choriocarcinoma

A

malignancy of the chorionic membrane

35
Q

what does gestational diabetes cause

A

an increase in glucose in the child

36
Q

what effects will the child have due to gestational diabetes

A

larger
hyperplasia of B cells in pancreas sue to increase in insulin production
increase in glycogen stores in the liver
reparatory distress syndrome

37
Q

why can babies born to mothers which gestational diabetes have respiratory distress syndrome

A

as they have a premature birth so didn’t have enough time to produce surfactant

38
Q

why are babies born to mothers with gestational diabetes hypoglycaemic at birth

A

as they suddenly have their glucose supply dropped and it takes times for their feedback mechanisms to fix this as hey haven’t been needed before

39
Q

what is physiological anaemia in pregnancy

A

where there is an increase in plasma volume but not RBC mass and so there is a decrease in the haematocrit

40
Q

why does the plasma vol of blood increase but RBC mass does not in pregnancy

A

as the nutrients the baby needs are in the plasma where as they don’t have a big required for oxygen

41
Q

what affects can the baby have if the mother has severe anaemia

A

underdeveloped, still birth, growth retardation

42
Q

what causes pre-eclampsia

A

the embryo does not implant into the endometrium fully and so the needs to the foetus can’t be met - therefore the mother increases blood flow to the placenta to try and combat this

43
Q

what signs/symptoms will a women with pre-eclampsia have

A

protein in the urine
high blood pressure
decrease in kidney and liver function
oedema (pitting)

44
Q

what is eclampsia

A

life threatening seizures

45
Q

what changes occur in the reflexes of a mother with pre-eclampsia

A

the increased blood flow causes more activity of the reflexes

46
Q

what eye changes will occur in pre-eclampsia

A

double vision, blurry, blindness - due to ischamia to the back of the eyes

Reproductive System (15 decks)

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