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Carbohydrates Flashcards

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1
Q

What are carbohydrates primarily composed of?

A

Carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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2
Q

What is the general formula for carbohydrates?

A

Cn(H2O)n, where n is the number of carbon atoms.

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3
Q

What is the simplest form of carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides.

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4
Q

Which carbohydrate is known as blood sugar?

A

Glucose.

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5
Q

True or False: All carbohydrates are sweet to taste.

A

False.

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6
Q

What type of carbohydrate is sucrose?

A

Disaccharide.

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7
Q

Fill in the blank: Polysaccharides are made up of _______.

A

Many monosaccharide units.

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8
Q

What is the primary function of carbohydrates in the body?

A

To provide energy.

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9
Q

Which carbohydrate serves as a major energy storage form in animals?

A

Glycogen.

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10
Q

What is the difference between alpha and beta glucose?

A

The position of the hydroxyl group on the first carbon.

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11
Q

True or False: D and L configurations refer to the direction in which a molecule rotates plane-polarized light.

A

False; they refer to the configuration of the asymmetric carbon.

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12
Q

What is the term for sugars that cannot be hydrolyzed into simpler sugars?

A

Monosaccharides.

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13
Q

Which two monosaccharides make up lactose?

A

Glucose and galactose.

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14
Q

What type of bond connects monosaccharides in disaccharides?

A

Glycosidic bond.

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15
Q

Fill in the blank: Starch is a storage form of carbohydrates in _______.

A

Plants.

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16
Q

What is the primary structural component of plant cell walls?

A

Cellulose.

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17
Q

True or False: All polysaccharides are soluble in water.

A

False.

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18
Q

What is a reducing sugar?

A

A sugar that can donate electrons to another chemical.

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19
Q

What is the anomeric carbon?

A

The carbon that becomes a chiral center when a monosaccharide cyclizes.

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20
Q

What are epimers?

A

Stereoisomers that differ at only one specific carbon atom.

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21
Q

What is the significance of the Haworth projection?

A

It represents cyclic forms of carbohydrates.

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22
Q

What is the common name for the disaccharide formed by glucose and fructose?

A

Sucrose.

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23
Q

What is the primary energy source for the brain and red blood cells?

A

Glucose.

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24
Q

Fill in the blank: The prefix ‘oligo-‘ in oligosaccharides means _______.

25
Which carbohydrate is known for its high fiber content?
Cellulose.
26
What type of carbohydrate is raffinose (3 sugar molecules)?
Oligosaccharide.
27
What is the role of carbohydrates in cellular communication?
They serve as recognition sites on cell surfaces.
28
What is the difference between starch and glycogen?
Starch is branched and unbranched; glycogen is highly branched.
29
True or False: Carbohydrates can form complexes with proteins and lipids.
True.
30
What is the term for carbohydrates that are attached to proteins?
Glycoproteins.
31
What type of carbohydrate is chitin?
Polysaccharide.
32
Which process breaks down carbohydrates into simpler sugars?
Hydrolysis.
33
What is the function of dietary fiber?
To aid in digestion.
34
What is the stereochemical configuration of D-glucose?
The hydroxyl group on the highest-numbered chiral carbon is on the right.
35
What is a common test for reducing sugars?
Benedict's test.
36
Fill in the blank: The glycosidic bond forms between the _______ hydroxyl group of one sugar and a hydroxyl group of another.
Anomeric.
37
What is the significance of the Fischer projection?
It represents the linear form of carbohydrates.
38
What is the primary source of carbohydrates in the human diet?
Plants.
39
What is cyclization in monosaccharides?
The process by which linear forms of monosaccharides convert into cyclic structures.
40
True or False: Cyclization of monosaccharides results in the formation of hemiacetals or hemiketals.
True
41
What type of reaction allows the cyclization of monosaccharides?
Nucleophilic attack of a hydroxyl group on a carbonyl carbon.
42
Fill in the blank: The cyclic form of glucose can exist in two anomeric forms, alpha and ____.
beta
43
Which carbon atom is the anomeric carbon in a cyclic monosaccharide?
The carbon atom that was originally the carbonyl carbon in the linear form.
44
What is the difference between alpha and beta anomers?
Alpha anomers have the hydroxyl group on the anomeric carbon trans to the CH2OH group, while beta anomers have it cis.
45
Multiple Choice: Which of the following monosaccharides can cyclize? A) Glucose B) Fructose C) Both A and B
C) Both A and B
46
What is a furanose structure?
A five-membered ring structure formed during the cyclization of some monosaccharides.
47
True or False: All monosaccharides form pyranose rings upon cyclization.
False
48
What is the typical ring size for cyclized glucose?
Six-membered ring (pyranose).
49
Short Answer: What determines whether a monosaccharide forms a furanose or pyranose structure?
The position of the hydroxyl group on the carbon chain and the specific monosaccharide.
50
Fill in the blank: The cyclization of ribose forms a ____ structure.
furanose
51
What role does water play in the cyclization of monosaccharides?
Water is involved in the reaction but is not a product; it helps stabilize the cyclic form.
52
Multiple Choice: Which monosaccharide primarily forms a furanose structure? A) Glucose B) Ribose C) Galactose
B) Ribose
53
True or False: The formation of the cyclic structure of monosaccharides is a reversible process.
True
54
What is mutarotation?
The change in optical rotation due to the interconversion between alpha and beta anomers.
55
Short Answer: Why is the anomeric carbon important in carbohydrate chemistry?
It is the carbon that determines the alpha or beta configuration and is reactive in glycosidic bond formation.
56
Fill in the blank: The cyclic form of fructose can form a ____ structure.
furanose
57
What is the relationship between cyclization and carbohydrate reactivity?
Cyclization affects how carbohydrates interact and react with other molecules, influencing their biological functions.
58
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a product of cyclization? A) Hemiacetal B) Acetal C) Ketone
C) Ketone

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