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BIOCHEMISTRY > Lipid Catabolism and Anabolism > Flashcards

Lipid Catabolism and Anabolism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is lipid catabolism?

A

the process by which lipids are broken down into smaller molecules to release energy.

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2
Q

True or False: Lipid catabolism primarily occurs in the liver.

A

True

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3
Q

What are the main products of lipid catabolism?

A

fatty acids and glycerol.

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: The initial step of lipid catabolism involves the hydrolysis of __________.

A

triglycerides

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5
Q

What enzyme catalyzes the hydrolysis of triglycerides?

A

Lipase

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6
Q

Multiple Choice: Which pathway is primarily involved in the oxidation of fatty acids? A) Glycolysis B) Beta-oxidation C) Citric acid cycle D) Gluconeogenesis

A

B) Beta-oxidation

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7
Q

What is beta-oxidation?

A

Beta-oxidation is the metabolic process that breaks down fatty acids to generate acetyl-CoA.

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8
Q

True or False: Fatty acids can be converted into glucose.

A

False

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: The final products of beta-oxidation are __________.

A

acetyl-CoA

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10
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a product of lipid catabolism? A) ATP B) Acetyl-CoA C) Glucose D) Glycerol

A

C) Glucose

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11
Q

What is the fate of acetyl-CoA produced from lipid catabolism?

A

Acetyl-CoA can enter the citric acid cycle or be used in ketogenesis.

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12
Q

True or False: Lipid catabolism can occur in both aerobic and anaerobic conditions.

A

False

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13
Q

Fill in the blank: The primary energy currency produced during lipid catabolism is __________.

A

ATP

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14
Q

Multiple Choice: Which organ is primarily responsible for lipid catabolism? A) Brain B) Muscle C) Liver D) Kidney

A

C) Liver

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15
Q

What is the significance of lipolysis in lipid catabolism?

A

Lipolysis is the breakdown of fats into fatty acids and glycerol, initiating lipid catabolism.

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16
Q

True or False: Hormones such as glucagon promote lipid catabolism.

A

True

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17
Q

What role does insulin play in lipid metabolism?

A

Insulin inhibits lipid catabolism and promotes lipid storage.

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18
Q

Fill in the blank: Fatty acid chains are typically broken down into __________ carbon units during beta-oxidation.

A

two

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19
Q

Multiple Choice: Which of the following is a ketone body? A) Acetoacetate B) Pyruvate C) Lactate D) Oxaloacetate

A

A) Acetoacetate

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20
Q

What is the primary source of energy from lipids during prolonged fasting?

A

Ketone bodies produced from fatty acid breakdown.

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21
Q

True or False: Lipid catabolism can lead to the production of metabolic acidosis if excessive ketone bodies are produced.

A

True

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22
Q

What is the main regulatory step of beta-oxidation?

A

The transport of fatty acids into the mitochondria via carnitine acyltransferase.

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23
Q

Fill in the blank: The breakdown of lipids provides __________ times more energy than carbohydrates.

A

9

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24
Q

Multiple Choice: Which process occurs in the mitochondria and involves the breakdown of fatty acids? A) Glycolysis B) Lipogenesis C) Beta-oxidation D) Gluconeogenesis

A

C) Beta-oxidation

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25
What is the impact of exercise on lipid catabolism?
Exercise increases the rate of lipid catabolism for energy production.
26
True or False: Lipid catabolism is less efficient than carbohydrate catabolism.
False
27
What is the effect of high levels of free fatty acids in the blood?
High levels can lead to insulin resistance and metabolic disorders.
28
What is the primary function of the carnitine shuttle?
To transport long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria for beta-oxidation.
29
True or False: CAT-1 is located on the outer mitochondrial membrane.
True
30
What does CAT-1 stand for?
Carnitine Acyltransferase 1
31
Fill in the blank: CAT-2 is responsible for the conversion of acylcarnitine back to ________ inside the mitochondria.
fatty acids
32
What is the role of CACT?
To facilitate the exchange of acylcarnitine and carnitine across the inner mitochondrial membrane.
33
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a component of the carnitine shuttle? A) CAT-1 B) CAT-2 C) CACT D) ATP synthase
D) ATP synthase
34
True or False: The carnitine shuttle is essential for the metabolism of short-chain fatty acids.
False
35
What is the consequence of a defective carnitine shuttle?
Impaired fatty acid oxidation, leading to energy deficiency and potential accumulation of fatty acids.
36
Fill in the blank: The carnitine shuttle is particularly important during ________ conditions.
fasting
37
What does the abbreviation 'CAT' refer to in the context of the carnitine shuttle?
Carnitine Acyltransferase
38
True or False: CAT-2 is found in the outer mitochondrial membrane.
False
39
What is the primary source of carnitine in the human body?
Dietary intake and synthesis from lysine and methionine.
40
Multiple Choice: Which of the following statements about carnitine is true? A) It is only obtained from diet B) It is synthesized in the liver and kidneys C) It cannot be stored in the body D) It is only important for glucose metabolism
B) It is synthesized in the liver and kidneys
41
What is lipid anabolism?
The process by which lipids are synthesized in the body.
42
True or False: Lipid anabolism primarily occurs in the liver and adipose tissue.
True
43
Which precursor molecule is primarily used in the synthesis of fatty acids?
Acetyl-CoA
44
Fill in the blank: The main pathway for lipid anabolism is called _____ synthesis.
fatty acid
45
What is the role of malonyl-CoA in fatty acid synthesis?
It serves as a building block for the elongation of fatty acids.
46
Which enzyme catalyzes the first step of fatty acid synthesis?
Acetyl-CoA carboxylase
47
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a function of lipids? A) Energy storage B) Hormone production C) DNA replication D) Cell membrane structure
C) DNA replication
48
True or False: Lipid anabolism requires energy input in the form of ATP.
True
49
Fill in the blank: The process of converting excess carbohydrates into fatty acids is called _____.
lipogenesis
50
Multiple Choice: Which hormone stimulates lipid anabolism? A) Glucagon B) Insulin C) Cortisol D) Adrenaline
B) Insulin
51
What is the role of fatty acid synthase in lipid anabolism?
It catalyzes the synthesis of fatty acids from acetyl-CoA and malonyl-CoA.
52
True or False: Lipid anabolism can occur in the presence of low carbohydrate levels.
False
53
What is the end product of fatty acid synthesis?
Palmitate (palmitic acid)
54
Fill in the blank: The process of converting fatty acids into complex lipids is called _____.
lipid modification
55
Which vitamin is essential for lipid metabolism?
Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
56
What is the function of desaturase enzymes in lipid metabolism?
They introduce double bonds into fatty acid chains.
57
Multiple Choice: Which fatty acid is considered essential and must be obtained from the diet? A) Stearic acid B) Arachidonic acid C) Palmitic acid D) Oleic acid
B) Arachidonic acid
58
What is beta oxidation?
Beta oxidation is the metabolic process by which fatty acids are broken down in the mitochondria to generate acetyl-CoA for energy production
59
True or False: Beta oxidation occurs in the cytoplasm of the cell.
False ## Footnote occurs in the mitochondria (except for long chains)
60
Fill in the blank: The products of beta oxidation include _____ and _____.
acetyl-CoA; NADH
61
Which enzyme initiates the beta oxidation of fatty acids?
Acyl-CoA dehydrogenase
62
Multiple Choice: Which of the following is NOT a product of beta oxidation? A) Acetyl-CoA B) NADH C) ATP D) FADH2
C) ATP
63
How many ATP molecules are produced from the complete oxidation of one molecule of palmitic acid (C16:0) through beta oxidation?
106 ATP molecules
64
True or False: Beta oxidation can occur in the presence of oxygen.
True
65
What type of fatty acids undergo beta oxidation?
Long-chain fatty acids
66
Fill in the blank: Beta oxidation is a repetitive process that shortens fatty acids by _____ carbon atoms each cycle.
two

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