Flashcards in Cardiac Cycle & Valvular Heart Disease Deck (52)
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1
cardia cycle diagram
- pressure and volume
2
pressure on the upper part
- ventricular pressure
- aortic pressure
- left atrial pressure
3
volume on the lower part
- end diastolic volume when the heart is filled
- end systolic volume after the heart has ejected blood
- stroke volume
- difference bet EDV - ESV = SV
4
P wave
- atrial depolarization
- signal to the atrium to contract to push blood into the ventricles
- during ventricular filling
- during diastole
5
ventricular pressure
- systole
6
contracting ATRIA
- VENTRICLE is being filled
7
contacting VENTRICLE
- ATRIA IS being filled
8
QRS
- closure of the mitral valve (R wave) S1
- depolarization of the ventricles
- initiate systolic constriction ventricles
9
QRS valvular events
- closure of the mitral valve
10
R wave
- S1
- first heart sound
11
ventricular depolarization
- pressure in the ventricle is increasing
- isovolumetric contraction
- ventricular pressure >80 mmHg
- it pushes open the aortic valve, EDV
- open of the aortic valve
- blood is ejected to the aorta
- aortic pressure is rising simultaneously with the ventricular pressure
12
ventricular pressure falls
- causing fall in aortic pressure
- beginning of T wave
- ventricular repolarization to relax
13
T wave
- ventricular repolarization (RELAX)
- AORTIC PRESSURE >VENTRICULAR PRESSURE
- S2 second heart sound
- closure of the aortic valve
14
S2
- second heart sound
- closure of the aortic valve
- closure of the pulmonary valve causing split weaker pressure
15
T wave valvular event
- aortic closure
- S2
16
P wave in a EKG
- atrial depolarization
- mitral valve is opening
- filling of the heart
- no sound
- S3, S4
17
atrial depolarization
- S3, S4
18
QRS
- ventricular depolarization
- mitral close
- S1
19
PR interval
- AV node conduction
20
T wave
- ventricular repolarization
- closure of the aortic valve
- S2
21
QT or ST interval
- ejection phase
- aortic valve open
22
S1
- closure of the mitral valve and tricuspid valve
23
S2
- closure of aortic and pulmonary valve
24
widening split of S2
- pulmonary stenosis delay closure of the pulmonary valve
- right bundle branch block
25
fixed splitting of S2
- atrial septal defect (ASD)
- L=>R shunt
26
paradoxical splitting
- left bundle branch block
- advance aortic stenosis delay closure of aortic valve
27
apical beat
- 5th ICS MCL
- mitral valve
28
aortic valve
- second intercostal space R of the sternum
29
pulmonary valve
- second intercostal space L of the sternum
30
tricuspid valve
- 3rd, 4th , 5th intercostal space to the left of the sternum
31
mitral area
- 1st heart sound loudest
- due to closure of mitral valve
32
aortic area
- 2nd heart sound louder
-
33
1st heart sound
- finger rises in the carotid artery
- systolic interval
34
2nd heart sound
- finger falls in the carotid artery
- diastolic interval
35
S3
- heard early diastole
36
S4
- heard late diastole
37
systolic murmur
- heard in the S1
- rise of the finger
38
diastolic murmur
- heard S2
- fall of the finger
39
murmur
- systolic
- diastolic
40
systolic murmur
- aortic stenosis
- mitral insufficiency/regurgitation
41
diastolic murmur
- aortic insufficiency/regurgitation
- mitral stenosis
42
S3
- just after opening of the AV valves
- during rapid filling, ventricle with a large chamber
- normal finding in children and young adults
- in older adults, occurs with volume overload, sign of cardiac disease
43
S4
- atrial contraction, during the last part of filling phase
- stiff ventricle concentric hypertrophy
- myocardial infarction
44
venous pulse pressure tracing
- jugular pulse which is generated by the right side of the heart
- intrapleural pressure is closer point it zero
45
venous pulse pressure tracing
A wave
- coincides with the P wave in ECG
- atrial contraction RA
- correlates with the PR interval
- stiff ventricle, pulmonic stenosis and insufficiency
- absent in atrial fibrillation and other atrial arrhythmias
46
venous pulse pressure tracing
V wave
- biphasic decent and ascent
- atrial filling during ventricular systole when the tricuspid valve is closed
- peak corresponds to T wave opening of the tricuspid valve
- occur in tricuspid insufficiency and right heart failure
47
venous pulse pressure tracing
C wave
- pressure in the veins due to bulging of the tricuspid valve
- during ventricular contraction
- coincides with the QRS in ECG
- increase pressure of RV pushing blood to the RA, causing backing up pressure of the veins causing C wave
48
venous pulse pressure tracing
X descent
- decreasing atrial pressure during atrial relaxation
- separated into two segments when the c wave is recorded
- it occurs in atrial fibrillation and tricuspid insufficiency
49
venous pulse pressure tracing
y descent
- rapid filling of the right ventricle after opening of the tricuspid valve
- tricuspid insufficiency
- tricuspid stenosis
50
atrial fibrillation
- loosing the X descent
51
tricuspid insufficiency
- elevated V wave
- due to regurgitation of blood into the RA
52
