Cardiovascular

Question 1

What are the three types of blood vessels and what is thier funtion?

Answer 1

ARTERIES- carry blood Away from the heart
VEINS- carry blood back towards the heart
CAPPILARIES- connect arteries and veins

Question 2

What is the Tunica EXTERNA layer ?

Answer 2

• this is the outermost layer
• made up of conncetive tisssue and is surrounded by elastic lamina
• they are ofton thicker than veins to help prevent collapse and protect from damage

Question 3

What is the tunica MEDIA composed of ?

Answer 3

• made up of smooth muscle, elastic and connective tissue which then circulate around the vessel

Question 4

What is the thinnest layer of the arties and veins?

Answer 4

• the tunica INTIMA is the inner layer and also the thinnest.
• it is a single layer of endothlial cells

Question 5

What is the diffrence between Chemoreceptors and Baroreceptors?

Answer 5

• Chemorecptors detect the concentration of oxegon in the blood whereas barorecptors detect changes in the blood pressure and are found in the aortic and cartoid bodies.

Question 6

What is the definition of Vasoconstriction?

Answer 6

• Vasoconsriction is the narrowing of blood vessels, typically when the muscles off blood vessel walls become constricted, causing the vessel lumen to become smaller

Question 7

What can cause vasoreconstriction?

Answer 7

it can be a reaction to;
- cold
- stress
- smoking
- medications

Question 8

What is the process of blood in the cardiovascular system?

Answer 8

• blood exists the heart via the arteries
• oxegon and nutrients leave the body diffusing across capilary walls and carbon dioxide and wastes move from the tissue to the blood stream
• as oxegon difficient blood leaves the capialries it flows into veins which retuen it to the heart
• then, returning blood flows from the heart to the lungs, where it picks up oxegon before returning to the heart to be pumped through the body

Question 9

What are some of the compositions of the blood?

Answer 9

• is the bodies only fluid tissue
• specilised connective tissue
• formed elements incluse erythrocytes, leukocytes and thrombocytes

Question 10

Whar are some of the chararistics of the blood?

Answer 10

• blood is dencer than water largely because it contains formed elements
• slightly alkaline with a PH between 7.35 and 7.45
• blood accounts of 8% of body weight
• blood volume for a normal adult is 4-6 litres
• sticky opaqe fluid

Question 11

What are the main funtions of blood?

Answer 11

• distribution= delivers oxegon from lungs and nutrients to all body cells
• Regulation= maintaning body temp by absorbing and distributing through the body, maitaning normal PH
• Protection=preventing blood loss by coagualtion

Question 12

What are the Erythrocytes and what is thier main chararistic?

Answer 12

• red blood cells that are responible for the transporation of gases and nutrients through the body
• they are made up of 97% haemoglobin which makes them dak
• small in size and shape which provides a huge surface area for the carriage and exchange of gasses
• because they have no mitrondria they do not consume \ny of the oxegon they carry

Question 13

What is anemia?

Answer 13

• Anemia is a problem of not having enough healthy red blood cells to carry oxegon to the bodies tissues.

Question 14

What are the three types of anemia?

Answer 14

• Haemorragic anemia- result of acute or chronic blood loss
• Haemoytic anemia- prematurly reptured erythrocystes
• Aplastic anemia- desruction of red bone marrow

Question 15

What is the funtions of leucocytes?

Answer 15

• they are crutial to fight agaist disease and infection
• immunity
• allergies

Question 16

What is the diffrence between Granulocytes and Agranulocytes?

Answer 16

• Granulocytes have a specific type of granules that are present in the cytoplasm wheras Agranocytes are white blood cells with noi granules present.
• granolocytes are lobed in 3 segemnts wheras Agranolocytes is one lobed.

Question 17

What are the three types of Granocytes and what do they do?

Answer 17

Neutrophilis- fight bacteria and infections, chemically atracted to sites of inflamation
Eosinophil- active agaist parisite worms, play a role in allergies and ashma
Basophil- thier cytoplasm contains histamine and acts as a vasodialtor

Question 18

What are the diffrent types of Agranolocytes?

Answer 18

Lymphocytes- T cells act direclty againt virus infected cells and tomour cells wheras B cells produce antibodies released into the blood- immunity

Monocytes- highly phagocytic and are crutial in bodies defence agaist viruses and chronic infections such as tubulorosis. they also activate lymphocytes to mount immune responce

Question 19

What is the condition Leukemia and what does it do?

Answer 19

• this refers to a group of cancerous condions invloving overproduction of abnormal white blood cells
• the bone marrow becomes totally occupied with maliagant leukocytes
• death is caused by internal heomorage and overhwelming infection

Question 20

What can be used to treat Luekoemia?

Answer 20

• chemotherpy
• radiation therpy
• bone marrow transplant
• immunotherepy

Question 21

What is the main pupose of the cardiovascular system and the heart?

Answer 21

• provides the transport system that ensures blood circulates to fulfill all homeostatic needs
• the heart is the tranport system pump and hollow blood vessels are the delivery

Question 22

What is the pericardium of the heart?

Answer 22

• Outermost layer/covering
• it is a double walled sac and anchors surrounding strucutres to provide lubrication from other organs
• prevents overfilling of the heart

Question 23

What are the two walls of the pericardium?

Answer 23

• there is the inner layer( Serous) and the outer( fibrous) and both are these are made up of elastic fibres and adipose tissue
• Serous is a thin, slippery layer that forms a closed sac around the heart
• Fibrous is made up of smooth elastic to reduce friction of the heart againt other organs

Question 24

What layer of the heart is the Myocardium?

Answer 24

• this is the middle/ muscle layer which is the thickest layer of the heart and is usally around the left ventricle
• is mainly influenced by nodal activity
• it is the only layer that contracts

Question 25

What are the some of the charaistics of the endocarduim?

Answer 25

• white sheet of endotheluim and rests on a thin conncetive tissue layer
• it lines the heart chambers and covers the fibrous skeleton of the valves

Question 26

What is the pathway of blood around the body?

Answer 26

• the heart is two sided which each serve a seprate curculation or curcuit. these are seperated by the septum. Blood enters the right atruim from the inferior and superior vena cava, eners the right ventricle through the tricupid valve. It is then pumped through the pulmonary valve to the lungs via the pulmonary trunk. In the lungs blood unloads carbon dioxide and picks up oxegon. Freshly oxegogentaed blood is carried by pulmonary veins back to the left side of the heart into the systemic circulation. oxegonated blood is also returned to the left atruim and travels through the left atrioventicular valve and enetrs the left ventricle. Blood is then pumped into aorta through the aortic valve. from the aorta, blood is transported through smaller systemic arteries to body tissues, where gases and nutrients are exhanged across capilary walls.

Question 27

Whats the diffrence between the Pulmonary and systemic circulation?

Answer 27

• Pulmonary moves blood between the heart and the lungs and systemic then moves blood between the heart and the rest of the body