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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular > Flashcards

Cardiovascular Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of the cardiovascular system?

A

delivering oxygen and nutrients to cells of body tissue

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2
Q

What organs/tissues are included in the cardiovascular system?

A
  • heart (muscular pump)

- blood vessels (fuel line and transportation network)

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3
Q

3 types of circulation

A
  • pulmonary circulation
  • systemic circulation
  • coronary circulation
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4
Q

What is pulmonary circulation?

A

blood travelling between the heart and lungs

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5
Q

What is systemic circulation?

A

blood travelling from the left side of heart to entire body and back to right side of heart

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6
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

blood travelling to the heart muscle itself

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7
Q

What are arteries?

A

thick, high pressure vessels that lead (usually) oxygenated blood away from the heart, do not have valves

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8
Q

What are veins?

A

have thinner walls, are lower pressure and move (usually) deoxygenated blood toward the heart from the tissues, have valves

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9
Q

What are capillaries?

A

the smallest vessels, they form the point of exchange for oxygen and nutrients into body cells, and waste products coming from body cells

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10
Q

What is the process of blood flow? (blood flows from…)

A

aorta, to arteries, to arterioles, to capillaries, to venules, to veins, to venae cavae, and then back to heart

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11
Q

Layers of blood vessels

A 
For arteries and veins:
- outer layer: tunica externa
- middle layer: tunica media (smooth muscle)
- inner layer: tunica intima
For capillaries
- only one layer-thick: tunica intima
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12
Q

Location, size and position of the heart:

A
  • triangular organ located in mediastinum with two thirds of the mass to the left of the body midline; the apex is on the diaphragm; shape and size of a closed fist
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13
Q

Heart chambers and their role

A
  • 2 smaller upper chambers called ATRIA (atrium, singular), these are the receiving chambers
  • 2 larger, lower chambers called VENTRICLES. these are the discharging chambers
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14
Q

Layers of the heart:

A
  • outer layer: pericardium
  • middle layer: myocardium
  • inner layer: endocardium
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15
Q

Pericardium

A

the double-layered membrane surrounding the heart. the membrane closest to the heart is Visceral Pericardium or EPICARDIUM; the membrane closest to the ribs is Parietal Pericardium

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16
Q

Myocardium

A

middle, muscular layer of the heart

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17
Q

Endocardium

A

the inner lining of the heart

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18
Q

What are the 2 atrioventricular valves (AV Valves)? (blood entering the heart)

A
  • tricuspid valve (cusps are flaps of the valves): between the right atrium and right ventricle
  • mitral (bicuspid) valve: between the left atrium and left ventricle
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19
Q

2 semilunar valves, blood leaving the heart

A
  • pulmonary valve: between the right ventricle and pulmonary artery
  • aortic valve: between the left ventricle and aorta
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20
Q

What are the 2 phases of the heartbeat?

A
  • systole: contraction phase of heartbeat

- diastole: relaxation phase of heartbeat

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21
Q

What is the cardiac output? What is it determined by?

A

amount of blood that one ventricle can pump each minute (avg 5 L / minute)
- heart rate x stroke volume

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22
Q

What is the stroke volume?

A

volume of blood ejected from one ventricle with each beat (roughly 70 mL)

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23
Q

What is the average heart beat?

A

about 72 beats per minute

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24
Q

What is the closure of the valves associated with?

A

hear sounds (lubb-dubb)

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25
Q

What is the ‘lubb’ noise created by?

A

closure of the tricuspid and mitral valves at the beginning of systole

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26
Q

What is the ‘dubb’ noise created by?

A

closure of the aortic and pulmonary valves at the end of systole

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27
Q

What is a murmur?

A

an abnormal heart sound caused by improper valve closure

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28
Q

What is the conduction sequence? What is it determined by?

A
  • specialized conduction system structures generate and transmit the electrical impulses that result in contraction of the heart
  • intercalated disks, which are electrical connectors that join all the cardiac muscle fibres in a region together so that they receive their impulse, and thus contract, at about the same time
29
Q

What is the order in which the electrical impulses are conducted?

A 
1 - SA (sinoatrial) node: the pacemaker
2 - AV (atrioventricular) node
3 - AV bundle (bundle of His)
4 - Right and left bundle branches 
5 - Purkinje fibers
30
Q

What are the waves of the heart? What do they do?

A
  • P wave: atrial depolarization (firing)
  • QRS complex: ventricular depolarization (firing)
  • T wave: ventricular (recovering)
31
Q

What is electrocardiogram (ECG)? What are the 3 wave types?

A

records the electricity in the heart

  • P wave
  • QRS wave
  • T wave
32
Q

What is the P wave in the ECG?

A

the atria is firing or depolarizing (first little peak on the ECG)

33
Q

What is the QRS wave in the ECG?

A

ventricle firing/depolarizing, first lower peak is the Q, top peak is the R, and other lower peak is the S

34
Q

What is the T wave in the ECG?

A

ventricle recovering/repolarizing (last peak on the ECG)

35
Q

What is coronary circulation?

A

the heart’s own arteries

36
Q

What is a myocardial infarction?

A

A heart attack

37
Q

What is angina pectoris?

A

chest pain caused by inadequate oxygen to the heart

38
Q

What is coronary bypass?

A

veins from other parts of the body used to bypass blockages in coronary arteries

39
Q

What is hepatic portal circulation?

A

blood circulation to the liver. veins from the spleen, stomach, pancreas, gallbladder and intestines do not pour their blood directly into the inferior vena cava as do veins with other abdominal organs. Instead, blood flow is funnelled to the liver by means of the hepatic port vein, which will then drain into the inferior vena cava

40
Q

What is fetal circulation?

A

refers to circulation before birth. necessary to have a different circulation to ensure fetus gets what it needs. specialized structures include the placenta, umbilical arteries and vein, Ductus venosus, Ductus arteriosus, and Foramen ovale. Umbilical cord has 1 large vein and 2 smaller arteries. the vein carries oxygenated blood and arteries carry deoxygenated blood, OPPOSITE TO US

41
Q

Where is the umbilical vein?

A

cuts right into the vein going to the inferior vena cava

42
Q

Where is the ductus venosus?

A

where the umbilical vein turns into the inferior vena cava vein

43
Q

Where is the foramen ovale?

A

a hole in the septum of the heart between the 2 atria

44
Q

Where is the ductus arteriosus?

A

moves the blood in the heart directly to the aorta

45
Q

What happens to the ductus venosus, foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus when the baby takes its first breath after birth?

A

all of these openings snap shut due to the pressure change

46
Q

What is blood pressure? What do we use to measure it?

A
  • the force that blood exerts on arterial walls

- measured using a sphygmomanometer and a stethoscope for auscultation

47
Q

What is the blood pressure expressed as?

A

fraction:
systolic pressure/diastolic pressure
normal 120/80

48
Q

What is hypertension?

A

140/90

49
Q

What factors affect blood pressure?

A
  • blood volume: higher BV=higher BP
  • strength of heart contractions: high strength=high BP
  • heart rate: high heart rate=high BP
  • blood viscosity: high viscosity=high BP
  • resistance to blood flow: vasoconstriction (when blood vessels are more constricted, will increase BP) vs vasodilation (opens blood vessels more, will decrease BP)
50
Q

Pulse

A

alternate expansion and recoil of blood vessel wall. can’t be heard, must be felt, there are 9 major ‘pulse points’ named after arteries over which they are felt

51
Q

What are the 9 major pulse points?

A 
1 - superficial temporal artery
2 - facial artery
3 - carotid artery
4 - brachial artery
5 - radial artery (MOST COMMONLY USED ON CONSCIOUS PEOPLE)
6 - femoral artery
7 - popliteal artery (behind knee)
8 - posterior tibial
9 - dorsalis pedis
52
Q

What is arrythmia?

A

abnormal heart rhythm,

53
Q

What is a heart block? (bradycardia)

A

electrical block at the atrioventricular node, results in slower heartbeat (bradycardia)

54
Q

What is a flutter?

A

the atria contracting over and over again (P wave repetition) - looks like a picket fence on the ECG

55
Q

What is fibrillation?

A

rapid, irregular, inefficient contractions, two kinds: atrial and ventricular

56
Q

What is atrial fibrillation?

A

(A fib) - many small P waves followed by a narrow and tall ventricular contraction (QRS wave). blood is not being pumped efficiently and can cause a clot

57
Q

What is ventricular fibrillation?

A

(V fib) - no peaks, just some quivers. cardiac arrest

58
Q

What are the 2 shockable rhythms?

A

Ventricular fibrillation and ventricular tachycardia

59
Q

What is congestive heart failure?

A

heart no longer can pump required amount of blood due to weakening. (pump problem). congests the body with fluids

60
Q

What is coronary artery disease?

A

arteries of the heart are diseased with arteriosclerosis (atherosclerosis)

61
Q

What types of things can happen to the blood vessels?

A
  • Thrombotic occlusion (stationary clot)
  • Ischemia (holds back blood/O2)
  • Necrosis (cell/tissue death)
  • Infarction (‘attack’ death of tissue)
  • embolism (lodged embolus that can come free and travel)
62
Q

What can Acute Coronary Syndromes cause?

A
  • unstable angine - ischemic heart

- Myocardial infarction (MI): heart attack (necrosis)

63
Q

What surgery options are available for coronary artery disease?

A
  • coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

- percutaneous coronary intervention (stents using a cage in the heart vein)

64
Q

What is endocarditis?

A

inflammation of the inner lining of the heart, caused by infection. can break off and cause an embolus

65
Q

What is hypertensive heart disease?

A

high blood pressure affecting the heart

66
Q

What is mitral valve prolapse (MV)?

A

improper closure of the mitral valve, back flow of blood into left atrium

67
Q

What is a murmur?

A

extra heart sound, caused by valvular defect. functional murmurs are not caused by valve defects and do not endanger a person’s health

68
Q

What is pericarditis?

A

inflammation of the outer layer of the heart caused by infection

69
Q

What is rheumatic heart disease?

A

caused by rheumatic fever, heart valves can be damaged with vegetations and can also cause mitral stenosis, atrial fibrillation and CHF

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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