Introduction

Question 1

What is the structural organization of the body?

Answer 1

Cells -> Tissues -> Organs -> Systems

Question 2

What are the chromosomes?

Answer 2

Contains the DNA of the cell (23 pairs of chromosomes in each cell EXCEPT sex cells - 23 unpaired chromosomes)

Question 3

What is the nucleus?

Answer 3

Dictates the cell function, the location of the chromosomes

Question 4

What is the cell membrane?

Answer 4

Surrounds/encapsulates the cell, controls what goes in and out of the cell

Question 5

What is the cytoplasm?

Answer 5

The thick solution between all of the organelles outside of the nucleus

Question 6

What is the mitochondria?

Answer 6

Creates energy for the cell (powerhouse of the cell)

Question 7

What is the endoplasmic reticulum?

Answer 7

Has a role in the synthesis and transport of proteins

Question 8

What are ribosomes?

Answer 8

Make proteins based on the genetic codes provided by the nucleus

Question 9

What are lysosomes?

Answer 9

Responsible for digestion within the cell

Question 10

What are the 4 main types of cells?

Answer 10

• Muscle cells/muscle fibres
• Nerve cells/neurons
• Epithelial cells (skin cells)
• Fat cells (adipocytes)

Question 11

What are tissues?

Answer 11

A group of similar cells working together to do a specific job

Question 12

What are the 4 main types of tissues and what are they used for (examples)?

Answer 12

• Epithelial tissues - skin, lining of organs, glands
• Muscle tissues - skeletal, cardiac, smooth
• Connective tissues - ligaments, tendons, fat, blood, bone
• Nerve cells - neurons (impulses, surges of electricity), glia (no impulses), support the nervous system

Question 13

What is karyotyping and when is it used?

Answer 13

Chromosomes are analyzed to determine if they are normal in number and structure. Obstetricians often recommend an amniocentesis for a pregnant woman

Question 14

What is the term of a scientist who studies tissues?

Answer 14

Histologist

Question 15

What is an organ?

Answer 15

Different types of tissues combine to form an organ

Question 16

What is a system?

Answer 16

Groups of organs working together to perform complex functions

Question 17

Name the types of systems

Answer 17

• Muscular
• Skeletal
• Endocrine (glands)
• Cardiovascular
• Lymphatic/immune
• Respiratory
• Digestive
• Urinary
• Reproductive

Question 18

What is the anatomical position and what is its use?

Answer 18

It is the reference position in which the body stands erect with arms at the sides and palms turned forward. This position gives meaning to directional terms

Question 19

What are the two main body cavities?

Answer 19

The ventral cavity and the dorsal cavity

Question 20

What are the subdivisions of the ventral cavity?

Answer 20

-Thoracic (further divided into mediastinum - space between the lungs - and pleural cavity - space between membranes surrounding the lungs), abdominal and pelvic

Question 21

What are the subdivisions of the dorsal cavity?

Answer 21

Cranial and spinal

Question 22

What organ(s) are included in the cranial cavity?

Answer 22

Brain

Question 23

What organ(s) are included in the thoracic cavity?

Answer 23

Lungs, heart, esophagus, trachea, bronchial tubes, thymus gland aorta

Question 24

What organ(s) are included in the abdominal cavity?

Answer 24

Stomach, small and large intestines, spleen, pancreas, liver and gall bladder

Question 25

What organ(s) are included in the pelvic cavity?

Answer 25

Portions of the small and large intestines, bladder, rectum, urethra, ureters, uterus, and vagina in females

Question 26

What is in the spinal cavity?

Answer 26

Nerves of the spinal cord

Question 27

What are the 4 quadrants of the abdominopelvic area? Name some organs in each

Answer 27

-Right upper quadrant (RUQ) - liver, gallbladder
-Left upper quadrant (LUQ) - stomach, spleen
-Right lower quadrant (RLQ) - appendix, bladder, ovaries
-Left lower quadrant (LLQ) - bladder, ovaries
All quadrants include intestine and colon
***rights and lefts are in relation to the patient’s rights and lefts, not yours

Question 28

What are the 5 divisions of the back and what bones do they include?

Answer 28

• Cervical vertebrae - C1-C7
• Thoracic vertebrae - T1-T12
• Lumbar vertebrae - L1-L5
• Sacral vertebrae - S1-S5
• Coccygeal - 1 (tailbone or coccyx)

Question 29

Anterior and posterior

Answer 29

Anterior - front, in front of

Posterior - back, in back of

Question 30

Deep and superficial

Answer 30

Deep - farther away from the body’s surface

Superficial - nearer to the body’s surface

Question 31

Proximal and distal

Answer 31

Proximal - toward or nearest the trunk (torso)

Distal - away from or farthest from the trunk

Question 32

Inferior and superior

Answer 32

Inferior - toward the feet, lower, below

Superior - toward the head, upper, above

Question 33

Medial and lateral

Answer 33

Medial - award the midline of a structure

Lateral - away from the midline of a structure

Question 34

Supine and prone

Answer 34

Supine - laying face up on your back

Prone - lying face down on your belly

Question 35

What are the planes of the body?

Answer 35

• Frontal (coronal) - divides the front and back (vertical plane)
• Sagittal (lateral) - divides the left hand right (vertical plane) -midsagittal is equal division and parasagittal is unequal
• Transverse (axial) - divides top and bottoms (horizontal plane)

Question 36

Name the regions of the BODY

Answer 36

• Axial region - head, neck and torso (trunk)

- Appendicular region - upper and lower extremities, including their girdles (scapula and clavicles, pelvis)

Question 37

How does the body maintain homeostasis?

Answer 37

Uses feedback loops

Question 38

What are the two feedback loops?

Answer 38

Negative feedback loops - sense a problem and cause a change (example: sugar or glucose, O2 and CO2, pH, temperature, fluids, electrolytes)
Positive feedback loops - amplify a change, make things worse before making them better (example: blood clotting, labour contractions)