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Anatomy and Physiology > Nervous system > Flashcards

Nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 major devisions of the nervous system?

A

Central nervous system (CNS)

Peripheral nervous system (PNS)

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2
Q

What are the components of the central nervous system?

A

Brain and spinal cord

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3
Q

What are the components of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Cranial nerves (12 pairs), spinal nerves (31 pairs), plexuses, peripheral nerves throughout the body

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4
Q

What are sensory nerves and what is another name for them?

A

Nerves that carry messages toward the brain, also called afferent nerves. Motor nerves

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5
Q

What are motor nerves and what is another name for them?

A

Nerves that carry messages away from the brain, also called efferent nerves. Sensory nerves

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6
Q

The peripheral nervous system can be further broken down into…

A

Autonomic nervous system (involuntary)

Somatic nervous system (voluntary, ie skeletal muscle)

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7
Q

What can the autonomic system be further broken down into?

A

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)

Sympathetic (fight or flight)

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8
Q

What is the difference between glia cells and neurons?

A

Neurons are nerve cells that conduct impulses

Glia cells are nerve cells that DO NOT conduct impulses, they are support cells

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9
Q

What are the 3 parts of the neuron?

A
  • Dendrites: branching projections that conduct nerve impulses towards the body
  • Cell body: contains the nucleus
  • Axon: elongated projection that conducts the nerve impulses away from the cell body
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10
Q

What 3 things can be found on the axon of a neuron in the PNS only?

A
  • schwann cells (make myelin sheath)
  • nodes of ranvier (indentations between neighbouring Schwann cells)
  • neurilemma (outer cell membrane of the Schwann cells repairs injured axons)
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11
Q

What is the terminal end fibre?

A

Found at the ends of the axon, secrete neurotransmitters which transfer impulse across the synapse

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12
Q

What are interneurons?

A

Neurons found in between sensory neurons and motor neurons or among a network of interneurons

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13
Q

What are the 3 main types of glia?

A
  • astrocytes: star shaped cells that anchor small blood vessels to neurons
  • microglia: small cells that move in inflamed brain tissue, carrying on phagocytosis
  • oligodendrocytes: form myelin sheaths on axons in the CNS,
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14
Q

What is the myelin sheath?

A

Surrounds axon in neurons, made up of fat and speed up conduction

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15
Q

What is the blood-brain barrier?

A

A 2-layer structure formed when astrocytes branch to small blood vessels. Barrier separates the blood tissue and nervous tissue to protect brain tissue from harmful substances that may be present in the blood

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16
Q

What is a nerve?

A

A bundle of peripheral axons (PNS)

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17
Q

What is a tract?

A

Bundle of central axons (CNS)

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18
Q

What makes matter white or grey?

A
  • White matter is composed primarily of myelinated axons (nerves or tracts)
  • Gray matter is tissue composed primarily of cell bodies and unmyelinated fibres
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19
Q

What is a two-neuron reflex arc?

A

the simplest arc ie knee jerk reflex. involves a sensory and a motor neuron

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20
Q

What is a three-neuron reflex arc?

A

the next simplest reflex arc, involved a sensory, motor and interneurons

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21
Q

What is a nerve impulses? What is another name for it?

A

A wave of electricity that goes through the whole body by travelling from axon to axon. Also called action potential

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22
Q

What is polarization?

A

at rest, the neuron’s membrane is slightly positive on the outside, which is called polarized, from a slight excess of sodium on the outside

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23
Q

What is depolarization?

A

Inward movement of the sodium into the membrane by making the inside more positive than the outside at the stimulated point (this depolarization is a nerve impulse)

24
Q

What is repolarization?

A

When the stimulated section of the membrane goes back to being slightly positive on the outside. this continues all the way down as the electrical impulse moves

25
Q

What is saltatary conduction?

A

When the action potential encounters a section of membrane covered with myelin, it ‘jumps’ or leapfrogs around the gaps in the myelin sheath. Saltatory conduction is fast

26
Q

What is continuous conduction?

A

Conduction of action potentials in unmyelinated membranes (slower than saltatory conduction)

27
Q

What is a synapse?

A

The place where impulses are transmitted from one neuron to another

28
Q

Examples of neurotransmitters

A

Acetylcholine (ACh), amino acids, dopamine, serotonin, endorphins

29
Q

What is the cerebrum?

A

2 hemispheres. The largest section of the brain. Surface nerve calls called cerebral cortex. Manages speech, vision, smell, movement, hearing and thought. In summary, “WILLED MOVEMENTS, THOUGHTS, MEMORY, PERSONALITY”

30
Q

What is the cerebellum?

A

Back of the head, balance. Coordinates voluntary movements. In summary, “BALANCE, COORDINATION, POSTURE”

31
Q

What is the diencephalon?

A

The thalamus and hypothalamus (hypothalamus is responsible for the sympathetic and parasympathetic).

32
Q

What are the 3 parts of the brain stem? What are they responsible for?

A
  • midbrain (visual and auditory)
  • pons (facial and respiratory)
  • medulla oblongata (vital signs)
33
Q

The thalamus…

A

Integrates and monitors impulses from skin (pain). in summary, PLEASURE-HATE CENTER (like or dislike)

34
Q

The hypothalamus…

A
  • Controls body temperature, sleep, appetite, sexual desire and emotions
  • Regulates release of hormones from the pituitary gland - makes 2 hormones so is considered a gland
  • Monitors sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous
    In summary, APPETITE, THIRST, TEMPERATURE, SLEEP, SEXUAL AROUSAL
35
Q

What is the medulla oblongata? (3)

A

connects the spinal cord to the brain. Regulates vital signs, ie. blood vessels, heart, respiratory system. in summary, VITALS

36
Q

What is the pons? (2)

A

Bridges the cerebrum and cerebellum with the rest of the brain. Significant role in respiration. Houses nerves for the face and eyes. in summary, RESPIRATION

37
Q

What is the midbrain? (1)

A

Uppermost portion of the brainstem, contains pathways connecting the cerebrum with lower portions of brain. in summary, VISUAL AUDITORY

38
Q

Spinal cord make-up:

A
  • Composed of white matter, composed of bundles of myelinated nerve fibres, form the outer parts of the H shape
  • interior composed of gray matter made up mainly of neuron dendrites and cell bodies
39
Q

What is a dermatome?

A

A skin surface area supplied by a single spinal nerve

40
Q

What are meninges? What are the 3 types?

A

Meninges are the 3 layers of connective tissue membranes that surround the brain and spinal cord. Contains cerebrospinal fluid.
1 - Dura mater - outer layer, channels blood to brain tissue
2 - arachnoid membrane
3 - pia mater

41
Q

What does the cerebrospinal fluid do?

A

Carries oxygen and nutrients from blood to neurons/neuroglia and eliminates their waste

42
Q

What are 3 examples of sympathetic responses (fight or flight)? What are the opposites for the parasympathetic?

A
  • dilate pupils/ constrict (PS)
  • stop saliva secretion/ secrete (PS)
  • dilate bronchioles/ constrict (PS)
  • speed up heart rate/ slow heart rate (PS)
  • retain colon contents/ empty colon (PS)
  • delay emptying bladder/ empty bladder (PS)
43
Q

What is the purpose of the sympathetic nervous system?

A
  • serves as an emergency or stress system, controlling visceral effectors during strenuous exercise and when strong emotions are triggered. INCREASED VITALS
44
Q

What is the purpose of the parasympathetic system?

A

balances the sympathetic system

45
Q

What is the limbic system?

A

the ‘emotional brain’, responsible for our emotions and has a lot to do with formation of memories. these emotions can produce widespread changes in the automatic functions of our bodies

46
Q

epilepsy

A

considered epilepsy when we don’t know what is causing the seizures. full on “tonic-clonic” seizures are called Grand Mal. partial seizures are called “Petit Mal”. often preceded by an “aura”, a peculiar sensation experienced by the person before they have the seizure

47
Q

palsy

A

paralysis (partial or complete loss of motor function)

48
Q

cerebral palsy

A

partial paralysis or lack of coordination caused by lack of oxygen or blood flow to the cerebrum during pregnancy or childbirth

49
Q

bell palsy

A

paralysis on one side of the face. likely caused by a virus. typically heals within weeks or months

50
Q

parkinson disease

A

degeneration of neurons in the basal ganglia, caused by a deficiency of dopamine. tremors, muscle weakness, slow movements

51
Q

cerebrovascular accident (CVA)

A

also called a stroke or brain attack caused by lack of oxygen or blood to brain tissue. one sided paralysis, partial droopy facial features, severe headache, slurred speech, visual issues, etc

52
Q

thrombotic stroke

A

blood clot in arteries leaving the brain

53
Q

embolic stroke

A

dislodged blood clot travels to cerebral arteries

54
Q

hemorrhagic stroke

A

blood vessel breaks and bleeding occurs (dissected aneurysm)

55
Q

what else can cause strokes?

A

tumors

56
Q

what is a transient ischemic attack?

A

“mini stroke”. gradual occlusion of an artery, where the same s/s of a stroke come and go. precursor to a store if untreated. lasts about 15 mins - 24 hours. indication that victim will have a big stroke within 2 years, but many people ignore them because the victims seem to return to normal for a while

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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