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Anatomy and Physiology > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

What do endocrine glands do?

A

secrete hormones directly into the bloodstream (released into intercellular spaces and then enter bloodstream)

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2
Q

What do exocrine glands do? What does this include?

A

send chemical substances (tears, sweat, milk, saliva) via ducts to the outside of the body or within body cavities, ie digestive enzymes). EVERYTHING BUT THE BLOODSTREAM IS EXOCRINE

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3
Q

Endocrine glands (9)

A
  • thyroid gland
  • parathyroid glands (4 glands)
  • adrenal glands (1 pair)
  • pancreas (islets of Langerhans) (2% endocrine, rest is exocrine)
  • pituitary gland (in the brain)
  • testes (1 pair)
  • ovaries (1 pair)
  • thymus gland
  • pineal gland
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4
Q

What are the 2 major mechanisms of hormones? How are they differentiated?

A
  • non-steroid hormones (can dissolve in water)

- steroid hormones (fat soluble)

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5
Q

How is hormones secretion controlled?

A

homeostatic feedback (negative and positive loops)

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6
Q

What are the 3 hormones of the thyroid? What do they do?

A
  • thyroxine (T4)
  • triiodothyronine (T3)
    T4 and T3 aid cells in their uptake of oxygen and regulate metabolic rate
  • calcitonin: stimulates calcium to leave the blood and enter the bone
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7
Q

What hormone does the parathyroid secrete? What does it do?

A
  • parathyroid hormone (PTH): causes calcium to mobilize from bones into the bloodstream
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8
Q

What are the inner and outer portions of the adrenal glands called?

A
  • inner: adrenal medulla

- outer: adrenal cortex

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9
Q

What are the 3 hormones secreted by the adrenal cortex? What do they do?

A
  • cortisol: increases sugar, body’s natural anti-inflammatory
  • aldosterone: keep salt
  • androgens (testosterone) and estrogen: influence secondary sex characteristics
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10
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the adrenal medulla? What do they do? What part of the nervous system controls these?

A

2 types of catecholamine (fight or flight hormones)

  • epinephrine (adrenaline): increases vitals
  • norepinephrine
  • sympathetic nervous system
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11
Q

What is the endocrine function of the pancreas? What do the hormones do?

A

islets of Langerhans produce:

  • insulin: promotes movement of glucose into cells and promotes storage as glycogen
  • glucagon: promotes movement of glucose into the blood by breaking down glycogen stored in liver cells
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12
Q

What is the pituitary gland also known as?

A
  • known as the master gland because it controls some other glands, or the HYPOPHYSIS
  • pea sized gland in the brain
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13
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland/hypophysis? How many hormones are controlled by each?

A
  • anterior lobe (adenohypophysis): 6 hormones

- posterior lobe (neurohypophysis): 2 hormones, hypothalamus makes these 2, just comes out of here

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14
Q

What are the 6 hormones secreted by the anterior lobe/adenohypohysis of the pituitary gland?

A
  • ACTH (adrenocorticotropic hormone)
  • FSH (follicle stimulating hormone)
  • LH
  • GH
  • TSH (thyroid-stimulating hormone)
  • PRL (prolactin)
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15
Q

What does ACTH do?

A

tells the adrenal gland to secrete mostly cortisol (stress response)

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16
Q

What does FSH do?

A

stimulates the development of the egg in the ovaries, or stimulating the growth of sperm

17
Q

What does LH do?

A

promotes ovulation in women, stimulates the testes to make testosterone in men

18
Q

What does GH do?

A

stimulates growth (growth hormone)

19
Q

What does TSH do?

A

stimulates the thyroid gland (T3 and T4), all about metabolism

20
Q

What does PRL do?

A

stimulates milk production during pregnancy. not what releases it but what makes it

21
Q

What are the 2 hormones secreted by the posterior lobe/neurohypophysis of the pituitary gland?

A
  • ADH (antidiuretic hormone)

- oxytocin

22
Q

What does ADH do?

A

increases water reabsorption. tells kidneys to keep water so you don’t lose extra fluids

23
Q

What does oxytocin do?

A

stimulates labour. kicks in for orgasms, longer hugs… ‘love hormone’

24
Q

What hormone is secreted by the testes? What does it do?

A

make testosterone, sperm formation

25
Q

What hormones are secreted by the ovaries? What do they do?

A 
makes estradiol and progesterone.
estradiol is responsible for:
- secondary sex characteristics (forms breasts, wider hips, no facial hairs,...) and the menstrual cycle
- progesterone is responsible for:
- preparing the uterus for pregnancy
26
Q

What hormone does the thymus secrete? What does it do?

A

secretes thymosin, plays an important role in the development and function of the immune system

27
Q

What hormone does the pineal gland secrete? What does it do?

A

secretes melatonin. known as the 3rd eye because its sensory functions rely on the amount of light the eyes take in. melatonin makes you sleepy when dark, regulates biological clock

28
Q

What is a goiter?

A

enlargement of the thyroid gland

29
Q

What does hypersecretion from the thyroid gland causes? (disease name)

A

Graves’ disease. causes protruding eyeballs (exophthalmos), hyper activity, high temperature and elevated vitals

30
Q

What does hyposecretion from the thyroid gland cause?

A

Hypothyroidism, causes tiredness, lack of energy, weight gain,…

  • Can cause myxedema which causes atrophy of the thyroid gland and no hormone produced. dry skin and mucus-like edema under the skin
  • Can also cause cretinism during infancy and childhood, which causes lack of normal physical and mental growth
31
Q

What does hypersecretion from the adrenal cortex cause? (name of syndrome)

A
  • Cushing syndrome; causes elevated secretion of cortisol. causes too much sugar in the blood stream, which can cause obesity (in the torso and face), moonface, thoracic fat deposition (fat deposits in the back)
32
Q

What does hyposecretion from the adrenal cortex cause?

A
  • Addison’s disease; lower secretion of aldosterone and cortisol, low sugar and low salt. causes fatigue, weakness, weight loss, low blood pressure, copper appearance of skin
33
Q

What does hyposecretion of the pancreas cause?

A

Diabetes Mellitus. low secretion of insulin or resistance of insulin in promoting sugar, starch and fat metabolism in cells.

34
Q

What are the 2 types of diabetes?

A

type 1 - childhood onset before age of 30, typically. little to no insulin, autoimmune disease
type 2 - adult onset, typically (after 30). insulin resistance, usually lifestyle onset

35
Q

What do Alpha and Beta cells do?

A
  • alpha cells make glucagon

- beta cells make insulin, type 1 diabetes is where the body attacks beta cells

36
Q

Secondary complications to diabetes mellitus: (6)

A
  • diabetic retinopathy (destruction of retinal blood vessels, causing visual loss or blindness)
  • glaucoma and cataracts
  • diabetic nephropathy (destruction of kidneys)
  • destruction of blood vessels (leads to stroke, heart disease and gangrene - loss of toes and feet)
  • diabetic neuropathy (destruction of nerves, involving pain, or loss of sensation)
  • gastroparesis (loss of gastric motility)
37
Q

What is diabetes insipidus?

A

large amounts of dilute urine and increased thirst

Anatomy and Physiology (20 decks)

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