Cardiovascular Pathology III

Question 1

What endocardium type is more predisposed to disease?

Answer 1

The valvular endocardium is more predisposed to disease than the mural endocardium

mural= covers the chambers

Question 2

What can cause mineralisation of the mural endocardium?

Answer 2

• Vitamin D toxicity, calcinogenic plants, calcium-phosphorus imbalance, Johne’s disease

Question 3

What is the most common cardiovascular disease in dogs

Answer 3

myxamatous valve degeneration

Question 4

What is bacterial vegetative valvular endocarditis usuaally associated with?

Answer 4

Often associated with extracardiac infection

e.g gingivitis, mastitis, hepatitis

Question 5

What may contribute to bacterial vegetative valvular endocarditis?

Answer 5

Regional turbulent blood flow or endothelial trauma

Question 6

What valvular endocarditis may also extend into the mural endocardium?

Answer 6

Bacterial vegetative valvular endocarditis

Question 7

What are the three non-inflammatory pericardial diseases?

Answer 7

1. Hydropericardium
2. Haemopericardium
3. Serous atrophy of fat

Question 8

What are the two types of inflammatory pericardial diseases?

Answer 8

• Pericarditis
• Constrictive pericarditis

Question 9

What is Hydropericardium?

Answer 9

Excess clear fluid within the pericardial cavity

Question 10

What is haemopericardium?

Answer 10

Pure blood in the pericardial cavity

Question 11

What is cardiac tamponade?

Answer 11

Compression of the heart resulting in impaired atrial and ventricular filling- typically occurs with rapid fluid accumulation

Question 12

What is serous atrophy of fat?

Answer 12

When lipids are replaced by proteinaceous fluid

Question 13

What are some aetiologies of pericarditis?

Answer 13

• May be an extension of pleuropneumonia
• Infectious peritonitis virus in cats

Question 14

What is traumatc pericarditis associated with?

Answer 14

Tends to be purulent and associated with pyogenic bacteria

Question 15

What is constrictive pericarditis associated with?

Answer 15

• Fibrotic healing, occurs with chronicity
• results in imapired diastolic filling

Question 16

What inflammatory disease is often sequelae of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 16

Constrictive pericarditis

Question 17

What is the usual pathogenesis of traumatic reticuloperitonitis?

Answer 17

Wire penetration through the reticulum wall, diaphragm and therefore the pericardium
bacteria moves into the pericardium from the reticulum
Fibrosis causees constrictive pericarditis -> right heart failure

Question 18

What is the usual end-point of a lot of cardiovascular conditions

Answer 18

Congestive heart failure
* compensatory mechanisms are exhausted and there is overall decreased cardiac output

Question 19

What causes left sided congestive heart failure?

Answer 19

Pulmonary congestion and oedema
* increased hydrostatic pressure in the pulmonary circulation due to ‘back-up’ from the left side of the heart
* Cardiogenic pulmonary oedema- diffusely wet heavy lungs
* non-collapsible

Question 20

What does heart failure look like clinically?

Answer 20

• Increased respiratory rate at rest
• Crackles during inspiration
• Froth within large airways
• Weakness, Syncope

Question 21

What are the two main categories of disease that effect the endocardium?

Answer 21

• degenerative
• inflammatory/ infectious

Question 22

What are three sequelae from valvular endocardiosis?

Answer 22

• Volume overload due to blood flowing back into the chambers (eccentric) hypertrophy)
• Jet lesions
• Ruptured chordae tendinae

Question 23

What can both hydropericardium and haemopericardium lead to?

Answer 23

Cardiac tamponade

Question 24

What can hydropericardium occur with?

Answer 24

generalised anascara or extreme edema of the body

Question 25

What is pericarditis?

Answer 25

inflammation of the lining around your heart

Question 26

What side of the heart is usually congested?

Answer 26

The left side of the heart

Question 27

What is the usual treatment for congestive heart failure?

Answer 27

Decrease the blood volume which will cause an overall decrease in systemic blood pressure

Question 28

What does cardiogenic pulomonary edema look like?

Answer 28

• Diffusely wet, heavy lungs
• non-collapsible

Question 29

What are the clinical signs of left sided congestive heart failure?

Answer 29

• Dyspnoea with exercise
• Increased respiratory effort at rest
• Coughing in dogs
• Crackles on inspiration
• Froth within large airways

Question 30

What is hydropericardium secondary to?

Answer 30

Systemic hypoalbuminaemia

Question 31

What is the pathogenesis of haemopericardium?

Answer 31

• Rupture of intrapericardial aorta
• Atrial rupture
• Haemorrhage of neoplasms
• Rupture of coronary artery
• Idiopathic

Question 32

What are heart-failure cells also known as?

Answer 32

Haemosiderin-laden macrophages

Question 33

What are the clinical correlates of right sided heart failure?

Answer 33

• Increased systemic/ Venous pressure
• Hepatomegaly, Splenomegaly, intestinal congestion
• Jugular pulses