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VMS 2004 > Musculoskeletal Pathology II > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Pathology II Flashcards

1
Q

What is a pathological fracture?

A

Bone fracture caused by disease

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2
Q

What is a compound fracture?

A

bone fragments pierce the skin

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3
Q

What is a communiated fracture?

A

fracture with higher forces than simple fractures

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4
Q

What causes a spiral fracture?

A

twisting forces

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5
Q

How does a small gap fracture heal?

<1mm

A

bone cells migrate from the fracture ends and form lamellar bone at a right angle to the fracture line -> osteonal bone parallel to the long axis of the bone

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6
Q

How does a large gap fracture heal?

A

> 1mm, woven bone fills the gap and must be modeled into osteonal bone

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7
Q

Name three potential complications of fractured bone healing

A
  1. inadequate blood supply = some fractures may be left without blood supply
  2. large fractures of necrotic bone may be too big to be resorbed and become sequestra

both of these may interfere with healing

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8
Q

What may happen if the fracture fragments are not stabilised

A

movement impairs the callus formation
* impaired neovascularisation

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9
Q

What is pseudoarthrosis?

A

Bone ends become capped and a false joint is formed

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10
Q

What is the Salter-Harris Classification?

A

Grading system of fractures

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11
Q

What is Epiphysiolysis?

A

Separation of the epiphysis from the metaphysis

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12
Q

What is valgus deformity?

A

deviation of the limb laterally

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13
Q

What is varus deformity?

A

deviation of the limb medially

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14
Q

What is osteitis?

A

inflammation of bone

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15
Q

What is periosteitis?

A

inflammation of the bone and periosteum

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16
Q

What is a Diskopondylitis?

A

inflammation of the intervertebral disc and osteomyelitis of the vertebrae

17
Q

What causes aseptic necrosis?

A
  • intramedullary neoplasms
  • lesions decreasing venous outflow
  • undetermined in some cases
18
Q

What is an oblique fracture?

A

Bone is broken at an angle

19
Q

What are the 5 stages of fracture healing?

A
  1. Haematoma- bleeding from damaged vessels
  2. Undifferentiated mesenchymal cells and neovascularisation
  3. Earliest woven bone
  4. Primary callus of woven bone and possibly hyaline cartilage
  5. Modelling of woven bone into lamellar bone
20
Q

What is rigid fracture repair?

A
  • Requires surgical intervention
  • Fractured ends nearly touching eachother- > direct osteonal bridging of the fracture site
  • new osteons unite the bone without callus formation
21
Q

What is a Comminuted fracture?

A

Bone is broken into more than two pieces

22
Q

In what type of fracture may parts of bone be left without a blood supply

A

Communiated fracture

23
Q

What may occur if fracture fragments are not stablised during healing?

A
  • Movement interferes with the callus formation
  • Impaired neovascularisation
  • Low blood supply promotes cartilage and fibrous tissue formation
  • may cap bone ends and form a false joint
  • can also occur with excessive displacement or infection
24
Q

What is epiphylosis in dogs?

A

anconeal process of the ulna

25
Q

What is epiphylosis in cats?

A

physeal dysplasia with slipped capital femoral physis

26
Q

What if the physis is severley damaged

A

formation of a bony bridge between the epiphysis and metaphysis

27
Q

What is osteomyelitis

A

Involvement of the medullary cavity and bone marrow

28
Q

What are the two main routes of entry for an infectious disease?

A
  1. Directly into the bone
  2. Haematogenous (arrives via the bloodstream)
29
Q

What is most infectious bone inflammation due to?

A

bacteria
* can be life-threatening- often causes simultaneous necrosis with bone removal and production

30
Q

What animal species is haematogenous spread of infection common in?

A

neonatal horses and livestock

31
Q

What fungi can cause bone inflammation?

A
  • Coccidioides immitis
  • Blastomyces dermatitidis
32
Q

What virus can cause bone inflammation?

A
  • Classical swine fever
  • Canine adenovirus type 1
33
Q

What protozoa can cause bone inflamation?

A

Hepatozoon Americanum

34
Q

What is metaphyseal osteopathy?

A

a type of hypertrophic osteodystrophy
* Disease of young, growing, large-breed dogs
* Severe pain localised to metaphyses of long bones

35
Q

What is the initial metaphyseal osteodystrophy lesion?

A

fibrinosuppurative osteomyelitis of
trabecular bone

36
Q

What is the chronic metaphyseal osteopathy lesion?

A

Formation of periosteal new bone
* Remission and exacerbations over weeks-months

37
Q

What is panosteitis?

A
  • Not an inflammatory disease
  • Increased density in the medullary cavity of the diaphysis
  • proliferation of well-differentiated woven bone and fibrous tissue
38
Q

What three things may cause aseptic necrosis?

A
  • Intramedullary neoplasms
  • Decreased venous outflow from the bone
  • Ischaemia leading to infarction

VMS 2004 (35 decks)

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