Respiratory Parasites II

Question 1

What is the definitive host of aelurostrongylus abstrusus

Answer 1

Cat

Question 2

What is the intermediate host of aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

Answer 2

Many species of slug, snail

Question 3

What is the pathogenesis of aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

Answer 3

• On ingestion L3’s penetrate the gut
• Adults sit in alveolar ducts and terminal bronchioles
• PPP 7-9 weeks
• Patent infections last for 4 months, but some worms can persist for years
• Often asymptomatic, can be coughing dyspnoea, nasal discharge
• Diagnosed by the presence of L1 in the faeces

Question 4

What is the morphology of metastrongylus apri?

Answer 4

• Adult worms are large, slender and white
• Males =2.5cm, Females = 6cm
• larvated eggs are found in the faeces

Question 5

What is the morphology of metastrongylus apri?

Answer 5

1. The adult worms are large, slender and white
2. Males = 2.5cm, Females = 6cm
3. larvated eggs in the faeces

Question 6

What are the clinical signs of metastrongylus apri?

Answer 6

• Heavy infections in young animals -> dyspnoea, nasal discharge
• Adult worms -> Bronchiolitis, bronchitis
• may be due to a secondary bacterial infection e.g staphylococcal
• Parasite may transmit porcine viruses

Question 7

What is syngamus trachea also known as?

Answer 7

Gape worm

Question 8

What is the oestrus ovis?

Answer 8

• Sheep nasal bot
• larvae in nasal passages
• light infection- nasal discharge and sneezing
• Heavy infection - unthriftiness and lack of coordination

Question 9

What is echinococcus?

Answer 9

• Cestode
• Has worldwide distribution

Question 10

What is the lifecycle of E. Multilocularis?

Answer 10

• Maintained in wildlife
• Final hosts- wild canids
• Intermediate hosts- rodents such as voles, muskrats, lemmings
  *

Question 11

What is the epidemiology of E.multiolocularis?

Answer 11

• Human infection mainly in trappers and their families
• Eating vegetables or fruit contaminated with the faeces

Question 12

What does E. granulosus disease look like in humans?

Answer 12

• Hydatid disease or cystic echinococcus
• Commonly affects liver and lungs
• 5-15 years incubation
• Single cyst grows larger over time, increased pressure in area of the cyst

Question 13

What is the global prevalence of aelurostrongylus abstrusus?

Answer 13

Above a 5% prevalence

Question 14

How does metastrongylus apri differ from other metastrongyles?

Answer 14

Has an earthworm as its intermediate host

Question 15

What age of pigs is metastrongylus apri most present in?

Answer 15

aged 4-7 months

Question 16

In what kind of system is metastrongylus apri not present in?

Answer 16

an indoor system with concrete floors

Question 17

How may you diagnose metastrongylus apri?

Answer 17

faecal examination

Question 18

What is gape worm?

Answer 18

An adult worm found in the trachea of chickens, turkeys and gamebirds

Question 19

What are the main clinical signs of gape worm?

Answer 19

1. Respiratory distress
2. Suffocation
3. head shaking
4. coughing
5. choking

Question 20

How may you prevent syngamus trachea?

Answer 20

1. Worming strategy
2. Rotational grazing
3. avoid areas with wild pheasants

Question 21

What anthelmintic is used for syngamus trachea?

Answer 21

Flubendazole

Question 22

What causes oestrus ovis in sheep?

Answer 22

sheep nasal bots

Question 23

What are the clinical signs of oestrus ovis?

Answer 23

• Light infections cause nasal discharge and sneezing
• Heavier infections cause unthriftiness and lack of coordination

Question 24

What are the two main types of echinococcus?

Answer 24

• Echinococcus granulosus
• E. multilocularis

Question 25

What is the final host of E. Multilocularis?

Answer 25

wild canids, e.g foxes, coyotes, wolves, raccoons, dogs

Question 26

What are the intermediate hosts of E.multilocularis?

Answer 26

rodents such as voles, muskrats, lemmings and insectivores

Question 27

What is the main epidemiology of E.multilocularis?

Answer 27

• Can become infected via eating vegetables or fruit contaminated with fox faeces

Question 28

What countries is E.multilocularis endemic in?

Answer 28

Not the UK but it is found in many countries in continental europe

Question 29

What are the clinical signs of E.granulosus disease in the intermediate host?

Answer 29

hydatid cyst in the liver and lungs
overall decrease in productivity

Question 30

What are the clinical signs of E. multilocularis disease in the intermediate host?

Answer 30

• multilocular cyst in the liver with diffuse growth
• Growth is invasive- spreads locally and systemically

Question 31

What does E. granulosus disease in humans look like?

Answer 31

Commonly affects the liver and lungs
5-15 years incubation
singular cyst may grow larger over time- causes increased pressure in the area of the cyst
if the cyst bursts it can cause an allergic reaction -> anaphylactic shock

Question 32

What does E. multilocularis disease look like in humans?

Answer 32

The cysts slowly resemble a malignant growth in the liver
* the parasite destroys liver parenchyma, bile ducts and blood vessels
* Cysts metastasize via the blood stream to the lungs and brain

Question 33

How could you diagnose/ treat in the dog definitive host?

Answer 33

• Copro-antigen ELISA and Copro-PCR
• observation of the adult worms on necroscopy
• Treating with praziquantel

Question 34

How may you control echinococcus multilocaris?

Answer 34

• regular treatment of dogs with praziquantel in endemic areas
• Meat inspection in abattoirs
• prevention of access to offal/ carcasses
• treatment of intermediate hosts

Question 35

What may occur if the E.granulosus hydadtid cyst bursts?

Answer 35

Allergic reaction/ Anaphylactic shock

Question 36

What does the E.granulosus hydadtid cyst look like?

Answer 36

Singular cyst that grows larger over time, there will be increased pressure in the area of the cyst

commonly affects the liver and the lungs

Question 37

What do E.multilocularis disease cysts look like in humans?

Answer 37

• They slowly resemble a malignant growth in the liver
• Cysts then metastasize vai the blood stream to the lungs and the brain