Respiratory Pathology I

Question 1

How are particles usually cleared from the airway?

Answer 1

Via coughing and mucocilliary clearance
the deeper the airway the slower the clearance

Question 2

What are the four classes of pulmonary macrophage?

Answer 2

1. Alveolar
2. Interstitial
3. Pulmonary intravascular
4. Pleural

Question 3

What are alveolar pulmonary macrophages?

Answer 3

• resident self-renewing pool
• Homeostasis and they prevent inflammation
• not very good at recognising inert substances

Question 4

What are interstitial pulmonary macrophages?

Answer 4

least characterised type, function is incompletely described

Question 5

What are pulmonary intravascular macrophages?

Answer 5

phagocytic and proinflammatory
* involved in acute lung injury
* only present in some species

Question 6

What is mucocilliary clearance?

Answer 6

The self-cleaning mechanism of the airways

Question 7

What type of mammals have cartilage in their bronchioles?

Answer 7

Marine mammals

Question 8

What are type I pneumocytes?

Answer 8

large surface area and low antioxidant levels, mainly involved in gas exchange

Question 9

What are the three general considerations surrounding the removal of pathogens from alveoli?

Answer 9

• generally inefficient
• relies on macrophages rather than cilliary clearance
• they can get into the interstitium if they accumulate
• macrophages with debris often gather around bronchioles and vessels

Question 10

What is choanal atresia?

Answer 10

The back of the nasal passage is blocked by soft tissue
no communication between nasal pharynx and nasal cavity

Question 11

In what type of animal does choanal atresia occur?

Answer 11

Mostly in camelids, they are forced to mouth breathe

Question 12

What is nasal amyloidosis?

Answer 12

rare condition connected to the build up of amyloid in nasal passages

Question 13

What is epistaxis also known as?

Answer 13

a nose bleed

Question 14

What is waldeyers ring?

Answer 14

a ring of lymphoid tissue circling the oro and nasopharynx

Question 15

What is pseudomembranous rhinitis?

Answer 15

fibrin on surface with no underlying ulceration

Question 16

What is fibrinonecrotic rhinitis?

Answer 16

fibrin is firmly adhered to the ulcerated surface

Question 17

What is acute rhinitis?

Answer 17

loss of cillia, epithelial attenuation, goblet cell hyperplasia, inflammatory cells

Question 18

What is chronic rhinitis?

Answer 18

epithelial attenuation or metaplasia, it is classified based on the inflammatory infiltrate

Question 19

What is idiopathic lymphoplasmacytic rhinitis?

Answer 19

Inflammatory disorder of the nasal cavity in dogs
causes increased mucus and turbinate destruction

Question 20

What is allergic/ atopic rhinitis?

Answer 20

seen sporadically in most species, probably type I hypersensitivity
most likely related to pollen allergies
can progress to nasal granulomas in cattle

Question 21

What is atrophic rhinitis?

Answer 21

characterised by the progressive thinning and shrinking of mucus membranes lining the nasal passages
most common in pigs

Question 22

What are some of the clinical signs of atrophic rhinitis?

Answer 22

• Signs may appear in pigs as young as one week old but more often appear after weaning
• sneezing, snorting and discharge are all signs of AR

Question 23

When may sinusitis occur?

Answer 23

• after dehorning, fractures, peridontitis

Question 24

In what animal species is sinusitis most important?

Answer 24

It is most important in horses

Question 25

What does chronic sinusitis cause?

Answer 25

polyploid mucousal thickening

Question 26

What is a nasopharyngeal polyp?

Answer 26

inflammatory mass that arises in the middle ear

Question 27

Who is most likely to get nasopharyngeal polyps?

Answer 27

Young cats 1-3 years old, the clinical signs depend on location

Question 28

What can the guttural pouch develop after upper respiratory tract infection?

Answer 28

empyema or pockets of pus

Question 29

What is guttural pouch tympany?

Answer 29

air buildup in the pouch it is less common than inflammation

Question 30

What is laryngeal oedema?

Answer 30

local or systemic inflammation of the larynx swelling/ fluid accumulation in the tissues of the larynx

Question 31

What is laryngitis?

Answer 31

Inflammation of the larynx

Question 32

What is laryngeal paralysis in horses?

Answer 32

idiopathic degeneration of the recurrent laryngeal nerve almost always affects the left side may cause 'roaring' and poor performance

Question 33

What is laryngeal paralysis in horses?

Answer 33

Usually occurs in older males, large to giant breeds, unknown cause but may be due to a systemic muscle disease has a predisposition to aspiration pneumonia

Question 34

What is laryngeal chondritis?

Answer 34

ulceration at the rostral margin of arytenoid cartilage it deforms the laryngeal cartilage, causes inflammation and necrosis pathogenesis is unknown

Question 35

What does vitamin A toxicosis cause in the trachea?

Answer 35

squamous metaplasia

Question 36

How does brachycephalic airway syndrome occur?

Answer 36

* tracheal rings overlap * the dorsal tracheal ligament is therefore impaired * increased pressure in the airways causes aversion of laryngeal saccules

Question 37

What can tracheal collapse cause?

Answer 37

dorsoventral narrowing, coughing and exercise intolerance

Question 38

What is tracheal oedema and haemorrhagic syndrome also known as?

Answer 38

honker syndrome in feedlot cattle

Question 39

What is honker syndrome?

Answer 39

Partial obstruction by haemorrhage and oedema of the dorsal trachea

Question 40

What is pneumothorax of the pleura?

Answer 40

Air or gas in the pleura, causes atelactsis due to the loss of negative pressure

Question 41

What is hydrothorax?

Answer 41

* Clear, watery transudate, colourless or light yellow * is low protein/ low cells * due to increased venous pressure and lymphatic obstruction

Question 42

What is chylothorax?

Answer 42

accumulation of 'milky' high triglyceride lymph fluid, usually idiopathic

Question 43

What is haemothorax?

Answer 43

Blood in the pleura, ususally traumatic

Question 44

What is pleuritis in dogs usually due to?

Answer 44

inhaled or migrating grass awns ## Footnote may also occur with bite wounds

Question 45

What is the most common way that cats can get pleuritis?

Answer 45

FIP * pyothorax is also relatively common

Question 46

What is pulmonary hypoplasia?

Answer 46

reduced lung weight, also reduced numbers of alveoli

Question 47

What is bronchial atresia?

Answer 47

accumulation of mucus in the lung

Question 48

What is partial bronchial obstruction?

Answer 48

air trapping after birth

Question 49

What is atelectasis?

Answer 49

* Incomplete expansion of the lungs- they usually look darker than they actually are

Question 50

What is alveolar emphysema?

Answer 50

abnormal permanent enlargement of alveoli due to destruction of septa

Question 51

What is interstitial emphysema?

Answer 51

air in the connective tissues and lymphatics

Question 52

When is interstitial emphysema serious?

Answer 52

in cases of 3-methylindole toxicity (fog fever),

Question 53

What are blebs?

Answer 53

air-filled spaces in the connective tissue of the pleura

Question 54

What are bullae?

Answer 54

air-filled spaces in the parenchyma that bulges into the pleura

Question 55

What usually causes overinflation of alveoli?

Answer 55

Usually due to airway obstruction or spasm often seen at the margins of lobes in animals with respiratory distress

Question 56

What species has very thick tunica muscularis?

Answer 56

Cats