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VMS 2004 > Musculoskeletal Pathology I > Flashcards

Musculoskeletal Pathology I Flashcards

1
Q

What is the skeleton?

A
  • Bones, Joints and their supporting ligaments
  • responsible for supporting the body and enabling movement
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2
Q

What are the two major factors that regulate deposition and resorption of bone?

A
  • Mechanical forces
  • Hormonal agents e.g- calcitriol, PTH, oestrogen, (modulated resorption via osteoclasts
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3
Q

How does bone modelling occur?

A

bones are shaped or reshaped via the independent action of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

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4
Q

How does bone remodelling occur?

A

osteoblasts and osteoclasts work sequentially in the same bone remodelling unit
* the adult skeleton is renewed throughout life
* most prominent on cancellous bone surfaces

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5
Q

What does disruption of endochondral ossification affect?

A

metaphyseal trabeculae (decreased rate of elongation)
* the bone changes its shape to adapt to damage and abnormal use
* the newly formed bone is woven not lamellar (it’s weaker)

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6
Q

How does bone fracture occur?

A

Forces exceed a bones ability to compensate (either too fast or too strong)

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7
Q

What is achondroplasia?

A

absence of cartilage development

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8
Q

What is chondrodysplasia?

A

disorder of cartilage development

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9
Q

What is skeletal dysplasia?

A

disorder of skeletal development

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10
Q

What is brachycephaly?

A

shortening of the head

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11
Q

What is brachygnathia?

A

shortening of the jaw

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12
Q

What is palatoschisis?

A

Cleft Palate

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13
Q

What is prognathia?

A

abnormal projection of the jaw

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14
Q

What is Pectus excavatum?

A

concavity of the sternum

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15
Q

What is Kyphosis?

A

abnormal dorsal curvature of spinal column

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16
Q

What is Lordosis?

A

abnormal ventral curvature of the spinal column

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17
Q

What is scoliosis?

A

lateral deviation of spinal column

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18
Q

What is block vertebrae?

A

failure of two vertebral bodies to separate

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19
Q

What is hemivertebrae?

A

failure of two halves of vertebral body to fuse

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20
Q

What is spina bifida?

A

failure of dorsal midline closure

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21
Q

What is amelia?

A

absence of one or more limbs

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22
Q

What is Hemimelia?

A

absence of the distal part of the limb

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23
Q

What is Micromelia?

A

presence of abnormally small limbs

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24
Q

What is notomelia?

A

accesory limb attached to the back

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25
Q

What is peromelia?

A

congenital deformity of the limbs

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26
Q

What is phocomelia?

A

absence of the proximal portion of one or more limbs

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27
Q

What is Adactyly?

A

absence of a digit

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28
Q

What is Dactylomegaly?

A

abnormally large digits

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29
Q

What is Ectrodactyly?

A

partial or complete absence of a digit

30
Q

What is Polydactyly?

A

presence of supernumerary digits

31
Q

What is polypodia?

A

presence of supernumerary feet

32
Q

What is syndactyly?

A

fusion of digits

33
Q

What is osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Group of connective tissue disorders characterised by
1. Bone fractures due to osteopenia (decrease in bone density)
2. Joint laxity
3. Blue sclerae (reduced thickness)

34
Q

What causes osteogenesis imperfecta?

A

Mutation in COL1A1 and COL1A2 genes, the severity is on a spectrum depending on what alleles are inherited

35
Q

What is osteopetrosis?

A

disorder of bone resorption, characterised by increased bone density
* failure of resorption by osteoclasts

36
Q

What are the two causes of osteopetrosis?

A
  • Inherited - mutation that impairs osteoclats formation
  • Infectious- in-utero BVD or FeLV infection
37
Q

What is congenital cortical hyperostosis?

A
  • disorder of bone remodelling
  • autosomal recessive disease of newborn pigs
  • abnormal radial periosteal bone formation
38
Q

What is craniomandibular osteopathy?

A

disorder of bone modelling, mainly affects WHWT and Scottish Terriors

39
Q

When does craniomandibular osteopathy become apparant?

A

4-7 months then regresses

40
Q

What is chondrodysplasia?

A

disorder of endochrondral ossification

41
Q

What does chondrodysplasia result in?

A

disproportionate dwarfism

42
Q

What mutation does FGFR3 cause?

A

spider lamb chondrodysplasia

43
Q

What breeds does FGFR4 effeect?

causes chondrogenesis

A

Dachshund, Pekinese, Basset Hound

44
Q

What does osteochrondrosis latens look like histologically?

A

Well demarcated area of necrosis in cartilage

45
Q

What is osteochondrosis dissecans?

A

traumatic clefting through the area of necrosis
* fragments of cartilage break off
* can resolve without clefting

46
Q

What is cervical vertebral myelopathy?

A

‘wobbler syndrome’ disorder of endochondral ossification

47
Q

What does cervical vertebral myelopathy cause?

A
  • Neurological disease secondary to compression of the spinal cord and therefore causes abnormally developed cervical vertebrae
48
Q

What species are most affected by wobbler syndrome?

A

Horses and large breed dogs

49
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

reduced bone mass, porous, thin and fragile

50
Q

What are the causes of osteoporosis

A
  • Protein calorie malnutrition
  • immobilisation
  • glucocorticoid excess
  • oestrogen or androgen deficiency
  • advanced age
51
Q

What is Ricketts?

A

Failure of bone mineralisation with subsequent deformities and fractures in the growing skeleton

52
Q

What causes Ricketts?

A

Vitamin D deficiency and phosphorus deficiency

53
Q

What is fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

decreased bone mass, increased pliability due to replacement by fibro-osseous tissue

54
Q

What causes fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

decreased bone mass, increased pliabilty due to replacement by fibro-osseous tissue

55
Q

What causes fibrous osteodystrophy?

A

Hyperparathyroidism

56
Q

What is an osteophyte?

A

nodular, benign growth at the margins of a synovial joint

57
Q

What is an Enthesophyte?

A

ossification of a tendon or ligament

58
Q

What is a Hyperostosis?

A

diameter of the bone has increased

59
Q

What is an osteochondroma?

A

multiple cartilaginous exostoses

60
Q

What are bone cysts

A

appear radiographically as well demarcated

61
Q

What occurs when the metaphyseal trabeculae is affected?

A

Decreased rate of elongation of the bone

62
Q

What is Hypertrophic osteopathy?

A

Progressive, often bilateral, periosteal new-born formation in diaphysis and metaphysis

63
Q

What is static stenosis?

A

Constant compression due to anatomic stenosis of the spinal cord
also called cervical vertebral static stenosis

64
Q

What is dynamic stenosis?

A

compression only during movement/ flexion
also called cervical vertebral instability

65
Q

What type of stenosis affects dogs?

A

Static

66
Q

What is characteristic about a lead toxin lesion?

A

Characteristic line parallel to the growth plate

67
Q

What is an exostosis?

A

nodular bony growth projecting from a bones surface

68
Q

What is an ensotosis?

A

Bony growth from within the medullary cavity

69
Q

What is hypertrophic osteopathy called in humans?

A

Maries Disease

70
Q

What does aneurysmal mean?

A

Filled with blood or serosanguinous fluid (not lined by endothelium)

VMS 2004 (35 decks)

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