Paramyxovirus

Question 1

Name three properties of paramyxoviridae

Answer 1

• Enveloped
• Spherical
• 150 to 300nm in diameter

Question 2

How many proteins does the paramyxoviridae genome encode for?

Answer 2

Around eight proteins

Question 3

How are paramyxoviridae usually transmissed?

Answer 3

• Droplet transmission e.g aerosols/ fomites
• Close contact is usually required
• they do not persist for a long time in the environment

Question 4

What is the pathogenesis of paramyxoviridae?

Answer 4

• Replicates in ciliated airway epithelial cells
• airway inflammation is usually the result of an inflammatory response
• secondary infection contributes to morbidity and mortality

Question 5

What is the pathogenesis of bovine respiratory synctial virus?

Answer 5

• Predisposed by stress
• Inflammation of the respiratory epithelium
• Epithelial cells slough into the bronchi and alveoli

Question 6

How would you control bovine respiratory synctial virus?

Answer 6

• Do not use vaccines they offer poor protection and can enhance disease

Question 7

How may you diagnose Bovine Respiratory Synctial Virus?

Answer 7

• Raise in antibodies in the blood
• Nasal aspirates

Question 8

What are the clinical signs of Bovine Respiratory Synctial Virus?

Answer 8

• Pyrexia
• Coughing
• Nasolacrimal discharge

Question 9

What are the clinical signs of avian metapneumovirus?

Answer 9

• Respiratory signs, egg drop
• Swollen head syndrome in chickens

Question 10

How can you diagnose avian metapneumovirus

Answer 10

• Swab from the respiratory tract
• early in infection

Question 11

What are the clinical signs of bovine parainfluenza type 3?

Answer 11

• Pyrexia, Coughing, Nasolacrimal discharge

Question 12

What are the clinical signs of canine paramyxovirus?

Answer 12

• Characteristic coughing (hard dry + retching)

Question 13

What are the clinical signs of canine distemper?

Answer 13

• Acute respiratory and GI signs
• Acute and Chronic Progressive neuro signs
• hyperkeratosis

Question 14

How is canine distemper transmissed?

Answer 14

• Highly contagious
• Usually via aerosol droplets

Question 15

What are the G-glycoprotein surface proteins responsible for?

Answer 15

Attachment and entry into the host cell

Fusion protein and Hemagglutinin

Question 16

What is the function of the M-matrix protein?

Answer 16

acts as a linke between virus membranes and the RNP core

Question 17

What is formed when the L protein complexes with the P protein?

Answer 17

A viral Polymerase

Question 18

What is the function of the N-nucleocapsid?

Answer 18

Encapsidates viral RNA, essential for replication

Question 19

What does the paramyxoviridae genome look like?

Answer 19

Negative-stranded RNA linear genome around 15kb in size

Question 20

How does the transcription gradient work?

Answer 20

Different proteins are produced by the Polymerase recognising specific signals between each gene
* Approximately 20-30% of polymerase molecules dissociate at each start/ stop junction

Question 21

How do you control avian metapneumovirus?

Answer 21

• Live control given by spraying
• Inactivated vaccines are given 4-6 weeks later

Question 22

How many antigenic groups of avian metapneumovirus are there?

Answer 22

A,B,C,D (4)

Question 23

How do you control bovine parainfluenza virus?

Answer 23

• Correct ventilation and stocking density
• Intranasal vaccines are available

Question 24

How would you diagnose bovine parainfluenza virus type 3?

Answer 24

• Blood (rise in antibody titre)
• Nasal aspirates (virus isolation, immunofluorescence)

Question 25

What is the pathogenesis of bovine parainfluenza virus?

Answer 25

• Stress predisposes
• Inflammation in the respiratory epithelium
• Mild in the absence of secondary infection

Question 26

What are the clinical signs of rinderpest?

has been eradicated

Answer 26

• Mucopurulent odour
• Nasal discharge
• Excoriation of the perineum and tail

Question 27

How is PPRV mainly transmissed?

Answer 27

Aerosols/ Direct contact
* Fomites
* Bedding
* Feed
* Water troughs

No carrier state

Question 28

What are the seasonal variations of PPRV?

Answer 28

• During the rainy season
• During the dry cold season
• Increased local trade in goats

Question 29

What are the main hosts of PPR?

Answer 29

Sheep and Goats are the main susceptibel hosts

Question 30

What is the PPRV vaccine based on?

Answer 30

Vero cell-based live-attenuated PPR vaccine

Question 31

What is the immunity duration of the PPRV vaccine?

Answer 31

3-6 years tested so far

Question 32

What is the definition of canine distemper?

Answer 32

Canine distemper is a highly contagious, systemic, viral disease of dogs seen worldwide

Question 33

What is the pathogenesis of canine distemper?

Answer 33

• For 3-6 days it replicates in the lymphatic tissue of the respiratory tract
• Cell-associated Viraemia

Question 34

What is the pathogenesis of Newcastle Disease?

Answer 34

• Lentogenic – low virulent
• Mesogenic – moderately
  virulent, respiratory disease &
  mortality in very young birds
• Velogenic – highly virulent,
  severe disease & high
  mortality
• Viscerotropic – mortality
  with intestinal
  haemorrhagic lesions
• Neurotropic –
  neurological disease w/o
  intestinal haemorrhage

Question 35

What are the clinical signs of Newcastle Disease?

Answer 35

• Resp+ oedema of the face
• GI: greenish diarrhoea
• Neuro: trembling, paralysis of legs &
  wings, depression, twisting of the neck,

Question 36

How would you diagnise Newcastle disease?

Answer 36

• Trachea and GIT
• Grown in eggs
• Haemagglutination
• RT-PCR

Question 37

How is newcastle disease transmissed?

Answer 37

• Occurs worldwide
• Ingestion/inhalation/fo
  mites
• Wild birds could be a
  source

Question 38

How is Newcastle Disease controlled?

Answer 38

Notifiable disease
* Live import restrictions
* Vaccines- live,
inactivated,
recombinant