Cardiovascular system Flashcards
(228 cards)
1
Q
What is the upper body?
A
Supracardium
2
Q
What is the lower body?
A
Infracardium
3
Q
Why is the heart very vascularised?
A
Because it is a highly metabolised organ
4
Q
What part of the vascular system allows for exchange?
A
Capillaries
5
Q
Do arteries and veins exchange anything?
A
No they ar just a conduction system
6
Q
What do the arteries do?
A
Bring blood from heart to capillaries
7
Q
What do the veins do?
A
Bring blood from capillaries to heart
8
Q
The two subsystems of the cardiovascular system
A
Systematic circulation (high pressure)
Pulmonary circulation (low pressure)
9
Q
What substances are absorbed and brought away from the capillaries?
A
Catabolic substances
10
Q
What substances are brought to and diffuse out of the capillaries?
A
Anabolic substances
11
Q
What kind of chemical link is oxygenation?
A
Weak
12
Q
What kind of chemical link is oxidation?
A
Strong
13
Q
Venous system is low or high pressure?
A
Low
14
Q
Arterial system is low or high pressure?
A
High
15
Q
Why do the walls of arteries and veins differ? and the same for veins located in different part of the body?
A
Because they have different functions and serve differen purposes
16
Q
Which is the biggest artery?
A
Aorta
17
Q
Which are the biggest veins?
A
Vena cava
18
Q
Why are there many branches of capillaries?
A
To decrease the pressure to make exchange possible as blood flow much be slow
19
Q
When is smooth muscle needed in vessels?
A
When we need to regulate vacuolisation
20
Q
What happens to your heart when you continue training?
A
It becomes more efficient, their stroke volume increases
21
Q
Q=?
A
Q= HR x SV
Q: volume of blood pumped by heart per min
HR: heart rate
SV: stroke volume
22
Q
Which is the outermost layer of the heart?
A
Epicardium
23
Q
Which is the innermost layer of the heart?
A
Endocardium
24
Q
Which is the muscular layer of the heart?
A
Myocardium
25
Where is the heart located anatomically?
Anterior mediastinum
26
Main organs in the posterior mediastinum
Bifurcation of trachea
Ascending aorta
Lower part of eophagus
27
What is the closed serous envelope of the heart called?
Pericardium
28
How many layers of the pericardium?
2
29
Where is the pericardium attached?
The diaphragm
30
What holds the heart and pericardium in place?
The diaphragm
31
Where does the epicardium from? (organogenesis)
Visceral mesoderm
32
Where does the parietal pericardium from? (organogenesis)
Somatic mesoderm
33
2 parts of the pericardium
Epicardium
Parietal serous layer
34
Where is the heart located (right left)?
It is central but more developed on left side
35
How much of the heart is on the left side?
2/3
36
Where is the apex of the heart?
By the 5th rib
37
Where do the right cavities look?
Anterior
38
39
What stems from the base of the heart?
The vessels
40
Is the base always the lowest point?
No
41
Is the base of the heart the lowest point?
No
42
What is the lowest part of the heart?
The apex
43
Example of places in the body where the base is not the lowest part?
The heart
The uterus (the bottom is the uppermost part)
44
Which ventricle is larger?
The left
45
Why can you see the left ventricle when looking from the anterior?
Because it is larger than the right
46
What is pericardial effusion?
When the pericardium has a built up of fluids which compresses the heart
47
How can you see the left atrium with an ultrasound?
By putting the ultrasound device down the oesophagus and face it anteriorly
48
What does the ascending aorta turn into?
The aortic arch
49
What side of the oesophagus is the descending aorta located?
Left side of the oesophagus
50
Which is most common: right-dominance, left-dominance or codominance?
Right-dominance
51
Which is the biggest vein of the heart?
Coronary sinus
52
Where is the coronary sinus located?
In the posterior coronary grove
53
What kind of vessel is the coronary sinus?
Venu vessel
54
Which vein connects all the veins of the heart?
The coronary sinus
55
Where does the coronary sinus drain into?
The right atrium
56
When do the atrioventricular valves block?
During the systolic phase of the heart
57
When are the pulmonary and aortic valves open?
During systole
58
What are the tendentious cords attached to?
The Papillary muscles
59
Names of the 3 leaflets of the tricuspid valve
Anterior
Posterior
Medial/septal
60
Thickness of the wall of the left ventricle
8-12 mm
61
Thickness of the wall of the right ventricle
3-5 mm
62
What are the valves attached to?
The fibrous skeleton of the heart
63
What produces heart sounds?
Closing of the valves
64
Which phase is quicker? systolic or diastolic phase?
Systolic
65
What do the autorythmic cells do?
They initiate action potentials
66
What kind of influx do autorythmic cells use for rising phase of the action potential? (normal nerve cells: sodium)
Calcium
67
What does the P wave correspond to on the electrocardiogram?
The atrial systolic phase (depolarisation of atria)
68
What does the T wave correspond to on the electrocardiogram?
The depolarisation of the ventricles
69
What stimulates the heart?
The sympathetic cardioacceleratory center
70
What inhibits the heart?
The parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
71
What is the atrial (bainbridge) reflex?
A sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria
72
Which two hormones increase the heart rate?
Epinephrine and thyroxine
73
Which vessels are efferent?
Arteries
74
Which vessels are afferent?
Veins
75
Do veins differ based on their location in reference to the heart?
Yes as the veins below the heart have to work against gravity
76
Where does the systematic circulation originate?
Left ventricle
77
Where does the pulmonary circulation originate?
Right ventricle
78
What does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate into?
2 right and 2 left pulmonary arteries
79
How many pulmonary veins are there?
2 right and 2 left
80
What is the circulatory system that brings blood to the body called?
Systematic circulation
81
What is the circulatory system that brings blood to the lungs called?
Pulmonary circulation
82
Which part of the heart contains venous blood?
The right heart
83
Which part of the heart contains arterial blood?
The left heart
84
Where in the thoracic cavity is the heart?
Mediasternum (anterior)
85
What is the pericardium fixed to?
The diaphragm
86
Average heart beats per min in resting conditions?
60-70
87
Name of the contracting phase
Systole
88
Name of the relaxation phase
Diastole
89
Where in the heart is the myocardium more developed?
The ventricles (especially the left one)
90
What is the apex of the heart made up of?
Exclusively the ledt ventricle
91
When does coronary circulation mainly occur?
During diastole
92
What is dominance in the coronary circulation based off of?
Which artery supplies the posterior coronary groove and that area
So where the posterior inter ventricular branches derive from
93
What happens to the right coronary artery in the case of left dominance?
It ends before reaching the crux cordis
94
Where does the left coronary artery origante?
Left aortic sinus of ascending aorta
95
Where does the right coronary artery origante?
Right aortic sinus of ascending aorta
95
2 important branches of the left coronary artery
Left anterior descending artery (LAD)
Left circumflex artery (LCX)
96
4 important branches of the right coronary artery
Right marginal artery
Posterior descending artery (PDA)
Atrioventricular nodal artery
Sinoatrial nodal artery
97
What innervates the heart?
The cardiac plexus
98
Where is the cardiac plexus located?
At the base of the heart
99
Which is the thickest layer o the heart wall?
The mmyocardium
100
What is the Koch's triangle delimitated by?
Todaro's tendon
Septal leaflet of the tricuspid valve
Atrioventricular node
101
What is th moderator band?
Flashy strand of the right ventricle that makes a shorter way for the conduction system to reach the papillary muscle
102
What separates the atria?
The intertribal septum
103
What is the fossa in the right atrium called?
Fossa ovalis
104
What kind of myocardium does the conduction system consist of?
Specific myocardium
105
Where is the sinuatrial node located?
On the inferior contour of the opening of the superior vena cava (horseshoe shape)
106
Where is the atrioventricular node located in relations to the Koch's triangle?
At the apex
107
Through that kind of junctions does the signal travel from the sinuatrial node to the atrioventricular node?
Gap junctions
108
Where do the bundle branches carry the impulse towards?
The apex of the heart
109
Where do the purkinje fibers carry the impulse to?
The heart apex and ventricular walls
110
What is the sequence of excitation?
Sinoatrial node
Atrioventricular node
Atrioventricular bundle (bundle of his)
Bundle branches
Purkinje fibers
111
What is the heart stimulated by?
The sympathetic cardioacceleratory center
112
What is the heart inhibited by?
The parasympathetic cardioinhibitory center
113
What happens during isovolumetric relaxation of the heart?
The ventricles relax
Semilunar valves are closed because of backflow
114
What is cardiac reserve?
The difference between resting and maximal CO
115
What is preload?
The amount the ventricles are stretched by the contained blood
116
What is contractility?
The cardiac cell contractile force due to factors other than EDV
117
What is afterload?
The back pressure exerted by blood in the large arteries leaving the heart
The pressure that must be overcome before a semilunar valve can open
118
Which is the critical factor controlling stroke volume?
Preload (degree of stretch)
119
What can increase contractility?
Increased sympathetic stimuli
Certain hormones
Ca2+ and some drugs
120
What can decrease contractility?
Acidosis
Increased extracellular K+
Calcium channel blockers
121
What do positive chronotropic factors do?
Increase heart rate
122
What do negative chronotropic factors do?
Decrease heart rate
123
Example of a positive chronotropic factor
Caffeine
124
Example of a negative chronotropic factor
Sedatives
125
What is the atrial (brainbridge) reflex?
A sympathetic reflex initiated by increased blood in the atria
126
What does the atrial (brainbridge) reflex do?
Causes stimulation of the SA node
Stimulates baroreceptors in the atria causing increased SNS stimulation
127
2 hormones that increase the heart rate
Epinephrine
Tyroxine
128
What are collateral branches of arteries?
Branches that originate from the main trunk at an acute angle open towards the periphery and destined to a vascular territory downstream
129
What are recurrent branches of arteries?
Branches that originate from the main trunk at a straight or obtuse angle and are destined to a vascular territory upstream
130
What are terminal branches of arteries?
Branches which may terminate or continue into another artery
131
What are anastomoses?
Connection between arteries
132
Where does the subclavian artery terminate and continue as the axillary artery?
When it crosses the space between the clavicle and the first rib
133
Which direction does the arch of the aorta "hook"?
From anterior to posterior
134
What does the thoracic (depending) aorta continue as at the inferior margin of T12 (aortic hiatus of the diaphragm)?
The abdominal aorta
135
At what vertebral level does the inferior vena cava pass?
T9
136
At what vertebral level does the oesophagus pass?
T10-T11
137
Does the azygos vein system connect to the inferior vena cava?
No it only articulates with the superior vena cava
138
What is the venous collection of the intercostal veins?
The azygos vein system
139
What does the azygos vein system consist of?
The azygos vein
Hemizygos vein
Accessory hemizygos vein
140
Is the azygos vein system symmetrical?
No, the azygos vein is on the right and drains the right side and the hemizygos and accessory hemizygos drains the left
141
At what level does the carotid artery bifurcate?
The superior margin of the thyroid cartilage of the larynx
142
Where does the internal carotid artery go?
The brain
143
Where does the external carotid artery go?
The face
144
Where does the carotid artery enter the brain?
Through the carotid carotid canal in the temporal bone
145
What forms the neuromuscular bundle of the neck?
The common carotid artery
Internal jugular vein
Vagus nerve
146
What does the carotid body function as?
A chemoreceptor (detects reduction in partial pressire of O2 and in pH and an increase in the partial pressure of CO2
147
What part of the brain does the internal carotid arteries vascularise?
The anterior and middle
148
What vascularises the posterior part of the brain?
The vertebral arteries (main branches of subclavian arteries)
149
With what direction does the internal carotid artery make a 90 degree turn after entering through the carotid canal?
Anteriorly and medially
150
What are the 2 systems that vascularise the brain?
The internal carotid artery system
The vertebral system
151
Do the two systems that vascularise the brain work independently?
No, they connect in the Willis circle
152
What is the point of the Willis circle?
To ensure that no parts of the brain goes without receiving oxygenated blood (safety system)
153
What kind of circle is the Willis circle?
An anastomic circle
154
Where is the Willis circle found?
In the inferior aspect of the brain
155
What does the Willis circle connect?
The 2 internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery
156
What does the Willis circle surround?
The optic chiasm and pituitary stalk
157
Where does the external carotid artery divide?
At the angle of the mandible
158
Terminal branches of the external carotid artery?
The superficial temporal and maxillary artery
159
Where does the maxillary artery disappear and reappear ?
It disappears behind the angle of the mandible
160
What passes through the parotid gland?
The external carotid artery
The facial nerve
Retromandibular veins
161
Medial/deep branch of the external carotid artery
Ascending pharyngeal artery
162
2 posterior branches of the external carotid artery
Occipital
Posterior auricular
163
3 ventral branches of the external carotid artery
Superior thyroid
Lingual
Facial
164
3 parts of the maxillary artery
Mandibular
Pterygoid
Pterygopalatine
165
Where does the mandibular artery have its origin?
Behind the ramus of the mandible
166
What vein drains from the brain
Internal jugular vein
167
3 arteries which vascularises the thyroid gland
Inferior thyroid artery
Superior thyroid artery
Inconstant lowest thyroid artery
168
What does the axillary artery turn into and where?
Brachial artery
Inferior margin of the pectorals major
169
What does the racial artery divide into at the level of the elbow?
Ulnar artery
Radial artery
170
Is the cephalic vein deep or superficial?
Superficial
171
What is the cephalic vein called in the dorsal and medial part?
The basilic vein
172
Where do the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta originate?
The anterior part
173
Where do the paired branches of the abdominal aorta originate?
Lateral
174
What do the unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta vascularise?
The digestive tract
175
What do the paired branches of the abdominal aorta vascularise?
The urogenital tract and endocrine organs
176
3 unpaired unpaired branches of the abdominal aorta
Celiac artery
Superior mesenteric artery
Inferior mesenteric artery
177
2 paired branches of the abdominal aorta
Renal arteries
Gonadal arteries
178
Different name for the internal iliac artery
Hypogastric artery
179
Which mesenteric artery is the largest?
The superior
180
Where is the inferior vena cava located with relations to the abdominal aorta?
To the right
181
Difference between he right and left gastric artery
The left articulates from the celiac trunk
The right articulates from the common hepatic artery
182
Difference between the rich and left gonadal veins
The left tributes to the left renal vein
The right tributes to the inferior vena cava
183
Are the veins and the arteries the same in the abdomen?
Yes but they behave differently
184
2 cardiovascular systems of the liver
Arterial circulatory system,
Portal system
185
What is the pancreas mainly vascularised by?
The splenic artery
186
Where does the abdominal aorta bifurcate?
At the level of L4
187
What vascularises the superior part of the rectum?
Superior rectal artery
188
What is the superior rectal artery a branch of?
The inferior mesenteric artery
189
What vascularises the middle and lower part of the rectum?
The hypogastric artery
190
When does the eternal iliac artery become the femoral artery?
When it passes below the inguinal ligament
191
When does the femoral artery change name to the popliteal artery?
When it emerges in the back of the knee (adductor canal)
192
What does the popliteal artery divide into?
Tibial artery
Fibular artery
193
What vascularises the plantar part of the foot?
The posterior tibial artery
194
What vascularises the dorsal part of the foot?
The anterior tibial artery
195
2 types of superficial veins in the lower limbs
Smaller saphenous veins
Greater saphenous veins
196
What doe the smaller saphenous veins open into?
The popliteal vein
197
What do the greater saphenous veins open into?
The femoral vein
198
What does the superior mesenteric artery vascularise?
The ascending and transverse colon
199
What does the inferior mesenteric artery vascularises?
The descending colon
Sigmoid colon
Superior part of the rectum
200
What do the inferior phrenic artery branch into?
The superior suprarenal arteries
201
What does the celiac trunk branch into?
Left gastric artery
Splenic artery
Common hepatic artery
202
What does the common hepatic artery branch into?
The hepatic artery proper
The Right gastric artery
203
What branches from the renal arteries?
The inferior suprarenal arteries
204
What happens to the veins that drain the inferior GI tract (nutrient rich)?
It will go to the liver to deliver the nutrients
205
Through which vein is the poorly oxygenated but nutrient rich blood brought to the liver?
The portal veins
206
Where does the splenic artery pass?
Above the upper margin of the pancreas
207
What vascularises the body and tail of the pancreas?
The splenic artery
208
What vascularises the head of the pancreas?
Right gastro epiploic artery
209
What is the posterior face of the stomach vascularised by?
Splenic artery
210
What is the greater curvature of the stomach vascularised by?
Left and right gastro epiploic artery
211
Which branch of the internal iliac artery enters the pelvic floor?
Internal pudendal artery
212
Which branch of the internal iliac artery vascularises the head of the femur?
The obturator
213
What is the name of the artery branch that branches from the vaginal artery? (in females)
Inferior vesical branch
214
What does the inferior vesical artery branch into? (in males)
Seminal vesicles
Prostate artery
215
What branches from the umbilical artery in males?
Superior vesicles
Ductus deferens artery
216
What branches from the umbilical artery in females?
Superior vesicles
217
Is the femoral artery deep or superficial?
It starts out superficial and then gets deeper and deeper
218
What does the brachiocephalic census trunk emerge from?
The anastomosis of the internal jugular vein and subclavian vein
219
Which brachiocephalic vein is longer?
Left because the SVC is on the right so it has a longer way
220
Where do the intercostal arteries arise from?
The thoracic artery
221
What is the third venous inlet inside the right atrium?
Coronary sinus
222
How many papillary muscles in the right ventricle?
3
223
How many papillary muscles in the left ventricle?
2
224
Where does the coronary artery branch from?
The ascending aorta
225
2 branches from the left coronary artery
Anterior interventricular artery
Circumflex artery
226
What does the marginal artery branch off of cardiac vascularisation)
The right coronary artery
227
What are the fat filled grooves of the heart called?
The sulcus
