The back region Flashcards
(160 cards)
1
Q
What does the term back include?
A
Whole posterior aspect of the trunk and neck
2
Q
What makes up the back?(7)
A
Spine
Discs
Nerves
Muscles
Tendons
Ligaments
Fasciae
3
Q
Where are the organs located compared to the spine?
A
Anterior
4
Q
What is the position when we stand up kept by?
A
Active energy consumption
5
Q
How many muscles are in the posterior part of the neck?
A
7
6
Q
Which movement is flexion of the trunk?
A
Forward
7
Q
Which movement is extension of the trunk?
A
Backward
8
Q
Which are the primary movements of the back?
A
Flexion/extension
Lateral bending
Rotation of the trunk
9
Q
What is fascia?
A
Layer of connective tissue that makes envelopes to the different muscles and groups of muscles
Allows muscles to act independently of eachother
10
Q
2 parts of the abdomio-pelvic cavity
A
Abdominal cavity
Pelvic cavity
11
Q
2 main parts of the ventral cavity
A
Thoracic cavity
Abdomino-pelvic cavity
12
Q
2 parts of the dorsal cavity
A
Spinal cavity
Cranial cavity
13
Q
What is the middle region og the back called?
A
Main part: vertebral region
Lower back: Sacral region
Bottom part: anal region
14
Q
What kind of border is between the skull and the spine?
A
A conventional operation, there is no real separation as they are continuous
15
Q
How does the occipital bone articulate with the spine?
A
The condyles at the bottom by the foramen magnum
16
Q
Different name for C1?
A
Atlas
17
Q
What kind of movement does plane joints allow for?
A
Sliding
Uniaxial
18
Q
What kind of joints are in the spine?
A
Plane joints
19
Q
What allows for the complex movements of the spine?
A
Plane joints in series alternating directions allowing for movement in all directions
20
Q
Example of ball and socket joint
A
Shoulder
Hips
21
Q
Which joints allow the widest movement in our body?
A
Ball and socket (shoulder)
22
Q
What do you loose when increasing movability of a joint?
A
Stability
The less moveable the stable it is
23
Q
What are the condyles on the occipital bone convex or concave?
A
Convex
24
Q
What are the condyles on the atlas bone convex or concave?
A
Concave
25
What allows for turning of the head?
Median atlantoaxial joint (joint between atlas and axis (C1 and C2) where the atlas rotates, pivots around the dens
26
What allows for the flexing and extension of the neck?
The condyles of the occipital bone and atlas bone
27
What are the 7 first vertebrae's grouped as?
Cervial
28
What are the 12 middle vertebrae's grouped as?
Thoracic/ dorsal
29
What are the 5 last vertebrae's grouped as?
Lumbar
30
What does the sacrum derive from?
5 vertebres fused together
31
What is the spine used for by all doctors?
As a point of reference benchmark, a landmark
32
What is the sacrum part of?
Spine and pelvis
33
What connects the spine to the pelvis?
The sacrum
34
From what view is the spine perfectly vertical?
Anterior and posterior
35
From what view is the spine not vertical, curvy?
Lateral
36
What is the cervical tract called?
Cervical lordosis
37
What is the Thoracic tract called?
Thoracic kyphosis
38
What is the lumbar tract called?
Lumbar lordosis
39
What is a lordosis?
Curvature of the spine where the convex part is anterior
40
What is a kyphosis?
Curvature of the spine where the convex part is posterior
41
What is the whole spine like in a newborn?
Kyophases
42
What is excessive lordosis?
Excessive curvature of the spine posteriorly (backwards bent)
43
What is excessive kyphosis?
Excessive curvature of the spine anteriorly (forward bent)
44
What is the canal formed by the vertebrae called?
Vertebral canal
45
What does the vertebral arch consist of?
Pedicle
Lamina
46
What is the boney part we can feel on our back of the spine called?
Spinous process
47
Names of the two parts of the articular process
Superior articular process
Inferior articular process
48
Which is the only vertebra that has no body?
Atlas
49
What is the upwards process on the C2 (axis) called?
Dens
50
Why does atlas not have a body?
Because it articulates with Axis through the process called Dens which goes where the body would have
51
What keeps the dens in place when rotating?
Transverse ligament of atlas
52
What kind of trauma typically breaks the dense?
Compression trauma
Like from diving in too low water
53
Where does the vertebral artery pass through?
Foramen only found in the cervical vertebrae (foramen transversarium)
54
What does the rib articulate with?
Thoracic vertebrae
55
Why is back pain typically in the lower part of the spine (lumbar)?
Because of forces of compression and gravity all goes there
56
Why are the vertebrae thicker towards the bottom of the spine (in the lumbar)?
Because the load on them is heavier
57
How many foramen in the sacrum?
4 (on each side)
58
Are joints always moving?
No, its a boundary through two bones
59
What do the foramen in the sacrum allow for?
Passage of nerves
60
Do all vertebrae have intervertebral discs?
Yes
61
What are the two components of intervertebral discs?
Central and peripheral
62
What is the peripheral part of the intervertebral disc made of?
Anulus fibrosus
63
What is the central part of the intervertebral disc made of?
Nucleus pulposus
64
What keeps the shape of the intervertebral disc?
Anulus fibrosus
65
Are there ligaments between the lamina of the vertabae?
Yes
66
Why are the ligaments between the lamina (ligamentum flavum) yellow?
Because they are rich in elastic fibers
67
What are the ligaments between C1-C2 and cranium called?
Cranio-spinal ligaments
68
What is the cruciform ligament made up of?
Alar ligament and transverse ligament of the atlas
69
What is flexion of lower cervical vertebrae limited by?
Limited by the laminae
70
What is extension of lower cervical vertebrae limited by?
Limited by the spinous processes
71
Which part of the spine is most moveable?
Lumbar and cervical
72
Degree of flexion of cervical
40
73
Degree of flexion of thoracic
40
74
Degree of flexion of lumbar
60
75
Degree of extension of cervical
45
76
Degree of extension of thoracic
15
77
Degree of extension of lumbar
30
78
Degree of lateral inclination of cervical
40
79
Degree of lateral inclination of thoracic
35
80
Degree of lateral inclination of lumbar
15
81
Where does the spinal chord stop?
Disc between L2 and L3
82
How many layers of muscle is there in the back?
3
83
Which is the biggest muscle in our body?
Latissimus dorsi
84
Which layer of muscle in the back has the most function?
Superficial
85
What is the envelope of the muscle?
Fascia
86
Where in the back is the fascia very thick?
Posterior:
Thoracolumbar fascia
87
Two categories of back muscles
Extrinsic
Intrinsic
88
What muscles are antigravital and have both hands of the muscle in the back?
Intrinsic
89
What muscles have origin in the back but insertion somewhere else?
Extrinsic
90
Which kind of muscle make movement?
Agonist
91
Which type of muscle make the opposite movement?
Antagonist
92
Which muscles are under voluntary control?
Skeletal
93
Which is the most medial of the muscles of the intermediate layer of the back?
Spinalis
94
Which muscles form the intermediate layer of the back?
Spinalis
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
95
Which muscle form the deep layer of the back?
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
96
How many muscles on each sub-occipital triangle?
4
97
Are the muscle of the sub-occipital triangle coupled?
Yes
98
Which group of muscles in comparison to the axis are flexors?
Anterior
99
Which group of muscles in comparison to the axis are extendors?
Posterior
100
What is the total inclination of the spine?
80 degree
101
How does the thickness of the intervertebral disc affect the degree of displacement?
The bigger the disc the larger the angle
The smaller the disc the smaller the angle
102
How is flexion, extension, rotation and lateral inclination in the thoracic segment?
Flexion and extension is poor
Lateral inclination is good
Rotation is moderate
103
How is flexion, extension, rotation and lateral inclination in the cervical segment?
Flexion and extension is good
Lateral inclination is good
Rotation is good
104
How is flexion, extension, rotation and lateral inclination in the lumbar segment?
Flexion and extension is good
Lateral inclination is moderate
Rotation is poor
105
Why does mobility vary in the various segments of the vertebral column?
Size/thickness of intervertebral discs
Length and spacing between spinous processes
106
What is the plane of movement for the spine during flexion and extension?
Sagittal
107
What is the axis of rotation of the spine during flexion and extension?
Transvere
108
Degree of total flexion of the vertebral column
140
109
Degree of total extension of the vertebral column
90
110
What is the axis of rotation of the spine during lateral inclination ?
Sagittal
111
What is the plane of movement for the spine during lateral inclination?
Frontal
112
Does the lateral inclination of the vertebral column show the same amplitude in both sides?
Yes however scoliosis may limit it in one or both sides
113
How many vertebrae?
33 or 34
114
What kind of bone marrow does vertebrae contain?
Red bone marrow
115
Is the vertebral column a site of hematopoieis?
Yes because it consists of red bone marrow
116
What is the 7th cervical vertebrae known as?
Vertebra prominens
117
Why are the 2 kyphosis also referred to as primary curvatures?
Because they curve in the same way as fetus' which only have kyphoses present
118
What are the lordosis also called?
Secondary/compensatory curvatures
119
When do lordosis develop?
After birth
Cervical lordosis: 3-4th months
Lumbar: 6-9th months
120
What does the promontory of the base of the sacrum correspond to?
The center of gravity
121
Which parts of the vertebral column are fused together?
The sacrum
The coccyx
122
What kind of bones are vetebra?
Short bone
123
What forms the vertebral canal?
The vertebral foramen
124
In which direction does the size of the vertebral disc increase?
Craniocaudal (going downwards)
125
Which vertebra are the smallest?
The cervical
126
Why is the 7th cervical vertebra also known as vertebra prominens?
Because its spinous process (which is not bifid) is long and protrudes posteriorly ending in a tubercle
127
Do all thoracic vertebra articulate with the ribs?
Yes
128
Which kind of vertebra have the smallest vertebral foramen?
Thoracic
129
What 3 processes replace the transverse process in lumbar vertebrae?
Costal
Mammillary
Accessory
130
Which vertebral notch of the pedicle is deeper in the lumbar vertebrae?
The inferior vertebral notch
131
What is the last segment of the vertebral column?
The coccyx
132
Where does the vertebral canal extend from and to?
The foramen magnum to the sacral hiatus
133
What is the functional spinal unit?
Smallest segment of movement, consists of 2 contiguous vertebrae
134
What does FSU stand for?
Functional spinal unit
135
What can the FSU be divided into?
The anterior crus
The posterior crus
136
What does the anterior crus of the FSU contain?
The vertebral bodies and disk
137
What does the posterior crus of the FSU contain?
Joints of the vertebral arch
138
Which part of the FSU has the static function and what is it?
The anterior part, absorb compression
139
Which part of the FSU has the dynamic function and what is it?
The posterior crus, directing movement
140
Which vertebral segments develops the latest? (embryology)
The sacrum
141
What are the joints between the vertebrae called?
Intrinsic joints
142
What are the joints between the vertebrae and the hips, cranium and ribs called?
Extrinsic joints
143
Is the nucleus pulpous hard or soft?
Soft and gelatinous
144
Is the annulus fibrosus hard or soft?
Hard
145
What are the joints between the articular processes of the vertebrae called?
Zygapophysial joints
146
What kind of joints are Zygapophysial joints?
Plane joints
147
The 4 remote ligaments of the spine
Ligamenta flava
Interspinous ligaments
Supraspinous ligament
Intertransverse ligaments
148
What kind of joints is the Atlanto-occipital joint?
2 synovial joints
149
What is the Atlanto-occipital joint primarily involved with?
The flexion and extension movements of the head
150
What is the joint between the fifth lumbar vertebra and the sacrum called?
Lumbosacral joint
151
What is the joint between the apex of the sacrum and the superior intervertebral surface of the first coccygeal vertebra called?
Sacrococcygeal joint
152
Which are the muscles of the back proper?
The ones that originate and insert on the vertebral column
153
Which are the 3 erector spinae?
Iliocostalis
Longissimus
Spinalis
154
Which is the most medial erector spinae?
Spinalis
155
What does the spinals attach to?
The spinous process
156
Which is the thickest and longest erector spinae?
Longissimus
157
What does the Illiocostalis connect?
The ilium to the rib
158
3 muscles of the transversospinalis
Semispinalis
Multifidus
Rotatores
159
What does semispinalis connect to?
Transverse processes
Spinous processes
(except for one which inserts of the skull)
160
Where are the interspinalis?
Between the spinous process of the spine in cervical and lumbar spine
