The skull, region og the head, fascia and muscles of the neck Flashcards
(247 cards)
1
Q
How many bones in the skull?
A
28
2
Q
What is the skull called without the jaw (mandible) ?
A
Cranium
3
Q
Two main part of skull (morphology)
A
Neurocranium = brain case
Viserocranium = Facial bones
4
Q
Which bones contributes both to the neurocranium and viscerocranium?
A
Sphenoidbone, ethmoid bone and temporal bone
5
Q
Ethimology of frontal bone
A
Bone of the forehead
6
Q
Ethimology of the temporal bone
A
Temporal= related to the time, time passing (first white hairs come here)
7
Q
Ethimology of parietal bone
A
Parietal= of a wall, main lateral wall of the skull
8
Q
Ethimology of occipital bone
A
Opposite side of the head
9
Q
Ethimology of the sphenoid bone
A
Wedge shaped (middle of the skull)
10
Q
Embryology of the cranium, 2 origins
A
Chondrocranium (endochondrial bones) Endochondral ossification
Membranocranium (membranous bone) intermembranous ossification
11
Q
What does the cartilges of meckle form?
A
Mandible
12
Q
What is a fissure?
A
Long and narrow division with irregular shape between bones of the skull
13
Q
What is a foramen?
A
Hole (usually clear cut shape)
14
Q
What is a canal?
A
Tunnel-shaped passage
15
Q
What is the squamous?
A
Part of a bone that is flat, like scale
16
Q
What is the petrous?
A
Part of a bone that is solid like a rock
17
Q
What is a process?
A
Part of the bone that is prominent/projecting, have different shape (irregular typically)
18
Q
What is a flat proces called?
A
Plate
19
Q
What is a fossa?
A
A pit
20
Q
3 types of joints (3 S’s)
A
Sutures, synchondrosis and synovial joint
21
Q
Different name for fibrous joint
A
Syndesmoses
22
Q
What is it synostosis?
A
Surtures that have no more fibrous tissue between it
23
Q
Is there cartilage between the bones in a synchondrosis?
A
Yes
24
Q
How many mobile joints in the skull?
A
One (temporal mandibular joint)
25
The two synovial joints?
Temporal mandibular joint and alto-occipital joint
26
What are synovial joints?
Mobiel joints
27
Is the maxilla one or two bones?
Two
28
What are the holes in the skull?
29
What comes through the infraorbital and orbital foramen?
Sensory nerves
30
Different name for cheekbone
Zygomatic bone
31
What is the big hole at the bottom of the skull called?
Foramen magnum
32
What is in the zygomatic arch?
Soft tissue
33
What is the Mindubular fossa?
34
Carotic and jugular foramen
35
What allows for the passage of the brain stem?
Foramen magnum
36
What is between the lines of force?
Points of weakness
37
Where do the typical fractures of the skull occur?
Along the lines of weakness
38
How are the fractures of the skull classified?
Le fort classification
39
How much of the entire length of the newborn does the skull take up?
1/4
40
Which part of the cranium is smaller compared to the other?
The visceral cranium is small (fascial region)
41
What are fontanelles?
Soft spots where ossification is not completed (connective tissue between flatbone of the vault)
42
Why do we have fontanelles?
Allows for growth of the brain and cranium
43
Why do fontanelles disappear?
Because of membranous ossification
44
How many synchondrosis do we have in the skull?
One at the base of the skull
45
What are fibrous joints?
Joints with connective (fibrous) tissue in between
46
What is the largest fontanel in a newborn?
Anterior (bregmatic) fontanel
47
Which fontanels do new borns have on the side of their heads?
Sphenoidal and mastoid, they are paired (on both sides)
48
What bones is the cranial vault (calvaria) made of?
Squamous part of the frontal and occipital bones and the parietal bone
49
What causes the groove along the midline on the inside of the skull?
The superior sagittal sinus which drains from the brain
50
Is the cranial base perfectly horizontal?
No it forms a slope
51
What are the 3 forssa of the cranial base?
Anterior, middle and posterior
52
In which cranial fossa is the ethmoid bone?
In the anterior cranial fossa
53
What does the middle cranial fossa look like?
Wings
54
What sets the anterior cranial Fossa apart from the other cranial fossa?
It does not directly communicate with the inferior surface of the cranium
55
Where are the greater wings located with respect to the lesser wings?
Inferior
56
What artery runs with the optic nerve in the orbital cavity?
Ophthalmic artery
57
What hosts and protects the pituitary gland?
Sella turcuca (Turkish saddle), Consists of the tuberculum Sallae, pituitary fossa and dorsim sale
58
Can you see the foramen lacerum in the living human?
No it is covered with connective tissue
59
How many branches in the trigeminal nerve?
3
60
Which is the largest of the cranial nerves?
Trigeminal nerve
61
What har the 3 branches of the trigeminal nerve?
The ophthalmic branch (V1), maxillary branch (V2), and mandibular branch(V3)
62
Where does the second branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?
Foramen rotundum
63
Where does the third branch of the trigeminal nerve go through?
Foramen ovale
64
Which the deepest cranial fossa?
The posterior cranial fossa
65
What forms the Cerebella/posterior cranial forsa?
The occipital bone
66
What provides the passage of the jugular vein?
The Jugular foramen
67
What comes out the jugular foramen?
The jugular vein and some primary nerves
68
What does the occipital condyle allow for?
Movement of the head, it articulates with the atlas
69
What does the neurocranium derive from? (embryological standpoint)
Endochondral ossification
70
How does the anterior cranial fossa communicate with the nasal cavities? (allows for smell and general sensory info)
Through the foramina of the cribriform plate and the anterior and posterior ethmoid foramina
71
How does the anterior cranial fossa communicate with the orbital cavity?
Through the optic canal
72
How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the orbital cavity?
Through the superior orbital fissure and inferior orbital fissure
73
How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the pterygopalatine fossa?
Through the foramen rotundum
74
How does the middle cranial fossa communicate with the infratemporal fossa?
Through the foramen ovale
75
What is the crossing of the optic nerve called?
Optic chiasm
76
How does the posterior cranial fossa communicate with the vertebral canal?
Through foramen magnum
77
How does the posterior cranial fossa communicate with the regions of the neck?
Through the jugular foramen and hypoglossal canal
78
What separates the two nasal cavities?
Nasal septum/ perpendicular plate
79
What are the spaces in the nasal conch called?
Ethmoidal cells
80
What is the only smooth surface in the nose?
The nose
81
What helps warm up the air in the nose?
The irregular shaped created by the bones such as the nasal conch and the hollow spaces created byt the ethmoidal cells
82
What is between the greater and lesser wings of the sphenoid bone when looking from anterior to posterior through the orbital cavity?
The superior orbital fissure
83
What are the two plates of the pterygoid plate called?
Lateral plate and medial plate
84
On what part of the sphenoid bone is the orbital canal?
The lesser wings
85
What is the back of the Sella turcuca called?
Dorsum sellae
86
What are the 4 components of the temporal bone?
squamous, petromastoid, tympanic and the styloid
87
What is the pyramid of the temporal bone called?
Petromastoid
88
What does the tympanic part of the temporal bone form?
The external acoustic meatus
89
Where are the structures inner ear located?
In the pyramid of the temporal bone
90
What exists from the internal acoustic meatus?
The nerves that arise in the inner ear
91
Does the internal carotid artery pass through the pyramid of the temporal bone?
Yes
92
Where on the temporal bone is the temporal mandibular joint found?
In the mandibular fossa
93
In which part of the cranial fossa is the internal acoustic meatus?
Posterior cranial fossa
94
Between what bones is the jugular fossa?
Temporal bone and occipital bone
95
What separates the outer and middle ear?
Tympanic membrane
96
Which facial bone is the largest?
Maxillary
97
Which bones contribute to the orbit?
Maxillary, frontal, frontal process and zygomatic, (palatine contributes in a tiny part), Ethmoid and sphenoid
98
Which bone forms the walls of the nasal cavity?
Maxillary bone
99
What bones form the hard plate?
The maxillary bone and palatine bone
100
Which bones separates the nasal from the oral cavity?
The maxillary and the palatine
101
What is the socket the teeth go into in the maxillary called?
Alveoli
102
What is the structures between the roots of the teeth called?
Interradicolar
103
What is the big cavity in the maxillary called?
Maxillary sinus
104
Does the maxillary communicate with he nasal cavity?
Yes
105
What forms the crucifer suture in the roof of the mouth?
The two maxillary bone and the two horizontal palatine
106
What are the palatine foramen called?
Major (anterior) and minor (posterior) palatine foramen
107
What come through the major and minor palatine foramen?
Vessel and nerves that supply the palatine/palte
108
Name for the bones that make up the bony part of the septum?
Vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone
109
What bones form the posterior openings of the nasal cavity?
Palatine and sphenoid
110
What is the H shaped suture called?
Pterion
111
Which bones are involved in the Pterion
Frontal, parietal, sphenoid and temporal
112
Where does the intertemporal fossa lie?
Deep to the ramus of the mandible
113
What is the infratemporal crest created by?
The change of direction of the greater wing of the sphenoid bone
114
What are the 4 major structures that occupy the infratemporal fossa?
The lateral and medial pterygoid muscles
The mandibular division of the trigeminal nerve
The maxillary artery
Optic ganglion, chord tympani and pterygoid venous plexus
115
What is the maxillary artery a branch of?
The external carotid artery
116
Is the interior boundary the same for the infratemporal fossa and the pterygopalatine fossa?
Yes
117
Which bones do the nasal cavity communicate with through the paranasal sinuses?(4)
Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal
118
Which part of the septum is boney?
The posterior part
119
Different name for floor of the nasal cavity?
Hard palate
120
What makes up the medial wall of the nasal cavity?
The nasal septum
121
What is the anterior part og the nasal septum made up of?
Hayline cartilage
122
Does the nasal bone contribute to the formation of the nasal pyramid?
Yes
123
Is the nasal bone part of the nasal cavity?
No, only the nasal pyramid
124
Which bones form the lateral wall of the nasal cavity?
The maxilla, ethmoid bone, palatine bone, lacrimal
125
Why is the lateral wall of the nasal cavity so irregular?
Because the conch project into the cavity
126
What are the narrow spaces between the nasal concha called?
Meatus
127
What is the posterior opening of the nasal cavity called?
Choana (not a structure just the opening)
128
Which 4 sinuses make up the paranasal sinuses?
Frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary and sphenoidal
128
Does the mucosa that line the nasal cavity continue into the sinuses?
Yes
129
Different name for ethmoidal sinuses?
Ethmoidal cells
130
Do paranasal sinuses develop with age?
Yes
131
What is sinusitis?
Infection of upper respiratory tract spreading to the sinuses
132
2 types of mucosa in nasal cavity?
Olfactory mucosa (less, smell. Close to cribriform plate and olfactory nerve, roof of nasal cavity og extends a bit of medial and lateral wall)
Respiratory muscosa
133
2 main type of respiratory epithelial
Goblet cells and ciliated cells
134
Which cells produces the mucous?
Goblet cells
135
What makes up the mucociliary clearance mechanism?
Ciliated cells and goblet cells
136
What moves the mucous made by the goblet cells?
Ciliated cells
137
What are olfactory cells?
Specialised neurons
138
What forms the olfactory nerves?
The axons from the olfactory cells from the olfactory epithelium
139
What kind of gland is the olfactory gland of Bowman?
Serious, produces protein
140
What is the floor of the oral cavity formed by?
The mylohyoid muscles
141
What is the posterior opening of the oral cavity called?
Isthmus of the faoces
142
What is the anterior part of the roof of the oral cavity called and made of?
Hard palate, bone
143
What is the posterior part of the roof of the oral cavity called and made of?
Soft palate, muscle
144
Different name for gums?
Gingivae
145
What kind of muscle is on the oral cavity floor?
Skeletal muscle
146
How many bellies does the digastric muscle have?
2
147
How many ducts does the submandibular gland have?
1
148
How many ducts does the sublingual gland have?
Many
149
Names of the 3 major salivary glands
Parotid, submandibular and sublingual
150
What is the name of the space between the cheeks and teeth?
The oral vestibule
151
Is the saliva from the 3 major glands the same?
No it is different
152
Is the parotid gland serous or mucous?
Serous
153
Is the sublingual gland serous or mucous?
Mucous
154
Is the submandibular gland serous or mucous?
Mixed
155
Which type of saliva is more watery?
The one that comes from serous cells
156
Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the soft palate?
Non-keratenized
157
Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the hard palate?
Keratinised
158
Is the oral epithelium keratinised or not in the gingeva?
Keratinised
159
Where are the minor salivary glands?
Spread in the basal lamina of the mucosa
160
What is the mandible effected by?
Age, teeth and mastication
161
What kind of joint is the temporalmandibular joint?
Synovial joint, mobile joint
162
Two types of fixed joints?
Sutures and gomphosis
163
What are gumphosis?
The joint between the teeth and the gum
164
Different name for freely movable joint?
Diarthrosis
165
Different name for slightly moveable joint?
Amphiarthrosis
166
Different name for fixed joint?
Synarthrosis
167
What is the inner surface of the joint capsule of the temper-mandibular joint covered by?
Synovial membrane
168
What kind of joint is the temporomandibular joint?
Condyle joint
169
Do all synovial joints have articular discs?
No
170
What is it believed the articular disc does in the TMJ?
Helps stabilise the condyle within the temporomandibular joint
171
What kind of movement allows for the elevation and depression of the TMJ? (opening and closing of the jaws)
Rotational movement
172
What does translation of the condyle in the TMJ do?
Protrusion and retraction
173
What kind of movement is needed for maximum opening of the mouth?
Both translation and rotation
174
What are branchial or pharyngeal arches made from?
Outer ectodermal layer
Inner endodermal layer
Mesodermal layer (in between)
175
What is the superficial boundary between head and neck?
Pericraniocervical line
176
What are diploic bones?
Bones formed by two tables or plates of compact bone enclosing dense marrow
177
Where does the pericraniocervical line pass?
Through the inferior border of the mandible
Extends from the angle of the mandible to the apex of mated process and follows the superior nuchal line, reaching the external occipital protuberance
178
Are the ears part of the face or cranium?
Face
179
What is the first part of the trunk?
The neck
180
Where is the neck located?
Between the head, thorax and upper limbs
181
What is the superficial boundary between the neck and the thorax?
The inferior border of the neck
182
What separates the anterior and posterior part of the neck?
The insertion of the trapezius
183
Where is the neck proper located?
Between
Anteriorly: anterior cervical region
Posteriorly: sternocleidomastoid and lateral cervical regions
184
Different name for posterior cervical region of the neck
Nuchal region
185
What kind of bone is the lacrimal bone?
Flat bone
186
What kind of bone is the vomer
Flat bone
187
What kind of bone is the hyoid bone?
Irregular
188
Where is the hyoid bone located?
The neck
189
What is the cranial base initially formed by?
Hyaline cartilage
190
What does the cranial base derive from?
The chordal and prechordal skeleton
191
What kind of ossification does the calvaria have?
Membranous
192
Which cells are required for the development of the bones of the viscerocranium?
Cells of the neural crest
193
What kind of ossification does the frontal bone develop by?
Membranous ossification
194
What kind of ossification does the ethmoid bone develop by?
Endochondral ossification
195
What kind of ossification does the sphenoid bone develop by?
Some of it by endochondral ossification and some by membranous ossification
196
What kind of ossification does the occipital bone develop by?
The part around the foramen magnum: endochondral ossification
Other parts: membranous ossification
197
What kind of ossification does the parietal bone develop by?
Membranous ossification
198
What kind of ossification does the temporal bone develop by?
Some parts by endochondral ossification and some parts by membranous ossification
199
What kind of ossification does the maxilla bone develop by?
Membranous ossification
200
How many main ossification centers in the maxilla?
5
201
What kind of ossification does the zygomatic bone develop by?
Membranous
202
How many ossification centers appear from the zygomatic bone during the second month of intrauterin life? and when do they fuse together?
3
They fuse together around the fifth month
203
What kind of ossification does the palatine bone develop by?
Membranous
204
What kind of ossification does the nasal bone develop by?
Membranous
205
What kind of ossification does the lacrimal bone develop by?
Membranous
206
What kind of ossification does the inferior nasal concha develop by?
Endochondral ossification
207
What kind of ossification does the vomer develop by?
Membranous ossification
208
What kind of ossification does the mandible develop by?
Membranous ossification
Mantellar ossification around Meckel's cartilage
Endochondral ossification by the auditory ossicles
209
What kind of ossification does the hyoid bone develop by?
Endochondral ossification
210
From where do the bones of the auditory ossicles derive?
Distal portion of the Reichert's cartilage
211
Difference between a cleft lip and cleft palate
Cleft lip is visible from the outside, its the lip that is split
Cleft palate is the roof of the mouth (the palate) being split and opening to the nasal cavity
212
Are the bones of the calvaria completely welded at birth?
No, fibrous connective tissue is present between them
213
Which is the most remarkable sex difference in the skull?
Muscle insertion points
They are more prominent in males than females
214
What is the lowest point of the infraorbital margin?
Orbital point
215
Which craniometric point is the median point of the anterior border of the foramen magnum?
Basion
216
Do monozygotic twins have different frontal sinuses?
Yes
217
What does the frontal bone form?
The floor of the anterior cranial fossa
The anterior part of the calvaria
Most of the roof of the orbital and nasal cavities
218
What is the superior portion of the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid bone which protrudes into the anterior cranial fossa?
Crista galli
219
Is the ethmoid bone part of the neurocranium or viscerocranium?
Both
220
What is the part of the maxilla called where the teeth attach?
The dental arcade
221
Which is the only cranial bone joined through synovial junctions or diarthrosis?
Mandible
222
What bone is the pterygoid plate part of?
Sphenoid bone
223
Which foramen are in the superior wall of the infratemporal fossa?
Foramen ovale
Foramen spinosum
224
Which foramen is in the roof of the pterygopalatine fossa?
Foramen rotunda
225
What do the lesser palatine canals open into?
The oral cavity
226
Which bones make up the temporal fossa?
Frontal bone
Sphenoid bone
Temporal bone
Parietal bone
227
Which foramen are in the lateral wall of the infratemporal fossa?
Mandibular foramen
228
What kind of muscles are the facial muscles?
Cutaneous
229
Which nerve are the facial muscles innervated by?
Facial nerve
230
Palpebral muscles
Orbivularis oculi
Depressor supercilii
Corrugator supercilii
Orbital muscle
231
4 muscles of mastication
Temporalis
Masseter
Medial pterygoid
Lateral pterygoid
232
What do the masticatory muscles act on?
The mandible
233
What are the masticatory muscles innervated by?
The third branch of the trigeminal nerve (the mandibular nerve)
234
What shape does temporals have?
Shape of a fan
235
What are the insertions of the temporals?
Fibers originate from large temporal area and converge inferiorly, passing medially to the zygomatic arch and insert on the coronoid process of the mandible
236
What are the insertions of the masseter?
Originates from the anterior and inferior part of the inferior margin of the zygomatic arch
Insert at the masseteric tuberosity of the ramus of the mandible
237
Which muscles are responsible for the movement for the hyoid bone and the larynx?
Suprahyoid and infrahyoid muscles
238
4 supra hyoid muscles
Mylohyoid
Digastric
Stylohyoid
Geniohyoid
239
2 parts of the digastric muscle
Anterior belly
Posterior belly
240
What does the geniohyoid muscle contribute to the formation of?
The floor of the mouth
241
Where are the infrahyoid muscle located?
Between the hyoid bone and the thorax
242
4 infra hyoid muscles
Sternohyoid
Omohyoid
Sternothyroid
Thyrohyoid
243
Which is the most medial of the hyoid muscles?
The sternohyoid
244
Which is the most lateral of the hyoid muscles?
The omohyoid
245
3 parts of the omohyoid
Superior belly
Intermediate tendon
Inferior belly
246
Where are the pre vertebral muscle located?
Deep in the neck on the anterior surface of the cervical vertebrae and first thoracic vertebrae
