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human anatomy and organogenesis > Endocrine system > Flashcards

Endocrine system Flashcards

1
Q

Which organs are included in the endocrine system (6)?

A

Gonads
Pancreas
Pituritary gland
Thyroid gland
Parathyroid glands
Adrenal glands

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2
Q

Are peptide hormones soluble in water?

A

Yes

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3
Q

Do peptide hormones need a transporter?

A

No because they are soluble in water and can travel through the membrane
They need a receptor

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4
Q

What do endocrine organ secrete?

A

Signals in form of hormones

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5
Q

Do steroid hormones need a receptor?

A

Yes

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6
Q

Are steroid hormones soluble in water?

A

No

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7
Q

What does the hypothalamus-hypophyseal system target?

A

Other endocrine glands

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8
Q

What does the hormones from the hypothalamus stimulate?

A

The pituitary gland

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9
Q

2 parts of the pituitary gland

A

Adenohypohysis
Neurophypohysis

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10
Q

Different name for pituitary gland

A

Hypophisis

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11
Q

What is the part of the CNS that includes the hypothalamus called?

A

Diencephalon

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12
Q

Which 7 structures forms the border of the hypothalamus?

A

Superior: Hypothalamic sulcus
Inferior: Optic chiasm, tuber cinereum, mammillary body and infundibulum
Anterior: Lamina terminalis
Posterior: Midbrain

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13
Q

What is the small swelling in the tuber cinereum called (located behind the infundibulum)?

A

Median eminence

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14
Q

What is the connection between the pituitary gland and thalamus called?

A

Infundibulum

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15
Q

Functions of the hypothalamus

A

Regulation of food and water intake
Sleep-wake cycle
Sexual behaviour patterns
Defence mechanisms against attack

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16
Q

What kind of tissue is the neurohypophysis?

A

Nervous tissue

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17
Q

What cells are the adenohypophysis made of?

A

Endocrine cells

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18
Q

Origin of neurohypophysis

A

Diencephalic downgrowth

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19
Q

Origin of adenohypophysis

A

Ectodermal derivative

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20
Q

Which is anterior, neurohypophysis or adenohypophysis?

A

Adenohypophysis

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21
Q

What forms the infundibular stem?

A

Axons of neurons which body is located in the hypothalamus

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22
Q

What forms the neural stalk (connection of hypothalamus and pituitary gland)?

A

Median eminence
Infundibular stem

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23
Q

3 regions of the hypothalamus

A

Anterior (supraoptic)
Middle (tuberal)
Posterior (mammillary)

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24
Q

Where is the body of the parvocellular neurosecretory cells located?

A

Inside the middle part of the hypothalamus

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25
Q

Where is the axons of the parvocellular neurosecretory cells located?

A

Infundibular

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26
Q

Is there a portal system in the pituitary gland?

A

Yes

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27
Q

What are the 2 magnocellular nuclei called?

A

Paraventricular nucleus
Supraoptic nucleus

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28
Q

What supplies the primary capillary plexus in the upper infundibulum?

A

Superior hypophysial artery

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29
Q

How many capillary beds in the hypothalamohypophysial portal system?

A

2

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30
Q

Which hormones do the basophils contain?

A

Glycoprotein hormones

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31
Q

Which hormones do the acidophils contain?

A

Polypeptide hormones

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32
Q

What do lactotrope cells produce?

A

Prolactin

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33
Q

What do somatotrope cells produce?

A

Growth hormone

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34
Q

What do thyrotropes cells produce?

A

Thyroid stimulating hormones

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35
Q

What do gonadotropes cells produce?

A

Luteinising hormone or follicle stimulating hormone

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36
Q

What do corticotropes cells produce?

A

Adrenocorticotrophic hormone

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37
Q

Where is the thyroid gland located?

A

Lower neck, C5-T1

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38
Q

When does the thyroid gland enlarge in women?

A

During menstruation and pregnancy

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39
Q

What connects the 2 lobes of the thyroid?

A

The isthmus

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40
Q

What muscles protect the thyroid gland?

A

The infra hyoid muscles
-> Omohyoid, sternohyoid muscle, sternothyroid and thyrohyoid muscle

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41
Q

Where are the parathyroid gland attached?

A

Thyroid

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42
Q

What is the thin capsule of the thyroid gland made of?

A

Connective tissue

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43
Q

What is the functional unit of the thyroid gland?

A

Follicles

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44
Q

What shape does the follicles have?

A

Spherical and cyst like

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45
Q

What is the core of the follicles made up of?

A

Central colloid core

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46
Q

What is the colloid?

A

Storage form of thyroid hormone

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47
Q

What is iodothyroglobulin?

A

The inactive stored form of the active thyroid hormones

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48
Q

What produced T3 and T4?

A

The follicular epithelial cells

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49
Q

Which follicles are large? resting or active?

A

Resting

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50
Q

Why are resting follicles large and lined by squamous or low cuboidal epithelium?

A

Because they store a lot of hormones

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51
Q

Why are active follicles small and lined by cuboidal cells?

A

Because they are secreting hormone via endocytosis

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52
Q

What 2 types of cells in the thyroid gland?

A

Follicular cells
C cells

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53
Q

Where are C cells found in the thyroid gland?

A

Inbetween follicular cells

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54
Q

What does C stand for in C cells?

A

Clear
Calcitonin
Calcium

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55
Q

What do C cells produce?

A

Calcitonin (thyrocalcitonin)

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56
Q

Where are the arteries that supply the thyroid gland from?

A

External carotid artery
Thyreocervical trunk (branch of subclavian artery)

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57
Q

3 veins of the thyroid gland

A

Superior thyroid vein
Inferior thyroid vein
Superficial branch

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58
Q

What is the color of the parathyroid glands?

A

Yellow-brownish

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59
Q

Embrylogical origin of the parathyroid glands?

A

Endodermic origin

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60
Q

What does it mean that parathyroid glands are ectopic?

A

That they are in an unusual place

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61
Q

2 cell types in the parathyroid

A

Chief cells
Oxyphil (eosinophil) cells

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62
Q

Where are the suprarenal (adrenal) glands located?

A

Above the adipose of each kidney

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63
Q

What is the position of the adrenal glands?

A

Retriperotoneal

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64
Q

Which adrenal gland is longer?

A

The left

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65
Q

Does the renal fascia also contain the adrenal glands?

A

Yes

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66
Q

What are the renal fascia surrounded by?

A

Renal fascia and peri renal adipose tissue (fat)

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67
Q

Shape of the left adrenal gland

A

Semilunar

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68
Q

Shape of the right adrenal gland

A

Pyramidal

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69
Q

3 superrenal arteries for each adrenal gland

A

Superior, middle and inferior suprarenal arteries

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70
Q

Where does the superior suprarenal arteries branch from?

A

Inferior phrenic arteries

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71
Q

Where does the middle suprarenal arteries branch from?

A

Directly from the aorta

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72
Q

Where does the inferior suprarenal arteries branch from?

A

Renal arteries

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73
Q

What does the vein from the right adrenal gland drain into?

A

Directly into the inferior vena cava

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74
Q

What does the vein from the left adrenal gland drain into?

A

Left renal vein

75
Q

Does the renal glands have their own capsule?

A

Yes

76
Q

What does the cortex of the adrenal glands synthesise?

A

Steroid hormones

77
Q

What does the medulla of the adrenal glands synthesise?

A

Catecholamines (adrenalin and noradrenalin)

78
Q

3 different part of the cortex of the adrenal gland

A

Zona glomerulosa
Zona fasciculata
Zona reticularis

79
Q

What is the endocrine system?

A

Communication between different parts of the body

80
Q

What is the endocrine system vital for maintaining?

A

Homeostasis

81
Q

What does angiotensin and renin regulate?

A

Blood pressure and renal filtration

82
Q

What are hormones transported via?

A

The bloodstream

83
Q

Why are endocrine glands vascularised with a dense microvascular network?

A

Because hormone transport take place via the bloodstream

84
Q

What does the microenvironment of the microvasculature of endocrine glands harbour?

A

Stem and progenitor cells

85
Q

Via what does the hypothalamus control the production and secretion of numerous hormones in the pituitary gland?

A

Neuroendocrine signals

86
Q

What do the hormones released into the bloodstream from the hypothalamus trigger?

A

The release of hormones from their target glands which in turn affect organ function

87
Q

What regulates the hormone level?

A

Feedback mechanisms

88
Q

What creates a negative feedback loop?

A

When hormones from target glands reach a certain concentration in the blood

89
Q

What does the negative feedback loop do?

A

Inhibits further hormone release in the hypothalamus and pituitary gland

90
Q

Where is the pituitary gland contained?

A

In the hypophyseal fossa

91
Q

Different name for adenohypohysis of the pituitary gland

A

Anterior lobe

92
Q

Different name for Neurohypophisis of the pituitary gland

A

Posterior lobe
Neural lobe

93
Q

What kind of structure is the hypothalamus?

A

Bilateral, paired structure

94
Q

In what 2 areas does the hypothalamus have major functions?

A

Homeostasis and survival

95
Q

What does the homeostatic functions by the hypothalamus include?

A

Control of body temperature and circulation of blood

96
Q

What is the pituitary gland continuos with?

A

Infundibulum

97
Q

In which bone is the pituitary fossa found?

A

Sphenoid bone

98
Q

What is the pituitary gland covered by superiorly?

A

A circular diaphragma sellae of dura mater

99
Q

What does the dura mater that covers the pituitary gland superiorly form?

A

A bridge pierced by the sellae dorsal

100
Q

When during development does the pituitary gland loose contact with the primitive oral cavity?

A

When rathe’s pouch is pinched off

101
Q

What does the central infundibular stem contain?

A

Neural hypophyseal connections

102
Q

What is the central infundibular stem continuous with?

A

The median eminence of the tuber cinereum

103
Q

What is the infundibular stem formed by?

A

Axons of neurons whos body is in the hypothalamus

104
Q

What part of the adenohypophysis surrounds the infundibular stem?

A

The pars tuberalis

105
Q

What part of the adenohypophysis is the largest?

A

Pars distalis

106
Q

What is in-between neurohypophysis and adenohypophyis?

A

The pars intermedia

107
Q

3 parts of the adenohypophyis

A

Pars tuberalis
Pars intermedia
Pars distalis

108
Q

How are the endocrine cells of the adenophysis classified?

A

According to their staining

109
Q

What does the staining of the endocrine cells of the adenophysis reflect?

A

Their hormone production which reflects their function

110
Q

Which part of the hypothalamus is above the infundibulum?

A

The middle (tuberal)

111
Q

What does the parvocellular neurons reach?

A

The infundibular capillary bed

112
Q

What does the action potentials of pravocellular neurons result in?

A

Calcium-dependent exocytosis of releasing hormones or inhibiting hormones into the capillary bed

113
Q

What are the pravocellular neurons transport to?

A

Adenohypophysis

114
Q

What does magnocellular neurons give rise to?

A

The hypothalamohypophyseal tract

115
Q

What does the hypothalamohypophyseal tract descend to?

A

The neurohypophysis

116
Q

2 hormones secreted directly to the capillary bed by magnocellular nuclei

A

Antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin)
Oxytocin

117
Q

What makes up nearly half the volume of the neurophypophysis?

A

Axon swellings containing the secretory granules for antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin

118
Q

Which nuclei does the neurons which secrete antidiuretic hormone and oxytocin belong to?

A

Supraoptic
Paraventricular nuclei

119
Q

Which artery does the superior hypophyseal artery anastomoses with?

A

Inferior hypophyseal artery

120
Q

Which vein connects to the inferior hypophyseal artery capillary bed?

A

Hypophysial vein

121
Q

Which lobe of the pituitary gland is the secondary capillary plexus located in?

A

Anterior lobe

122
Q

What tissue is the adenophypophysis composed of?

A

Winding cords of epithelial cells flanked by vascular sinusoids

123
Q

3 types of cells seen in adenophypophysis when staining

A

Acidophils
Basophils
Chromophobes

124
Q

How does acidophils stain?

A

Their cytoplasm stains red or orange

125
Q

How does basophils stain?

A

Their cytoplasm stains blueish

126
Q

How does chromophobes stain?

A

They cytoplasm stains very poorly

127
Q

What kind of hormones does the acidophil cells contain?

A

Polypeptide hormones

128
Q

What kind of hormones does basophil cells contain?

A

Glycoprotein hormones

129
Q

How much hormone content is found in chromophobes?

A

Little to none

130
Q

What kind of cells can chromphobes in adenohypophysis be?

A

Acidophils or basophils that have granulated and are depleted of hormones
Stem cell that haven’t differentiated into hormone producing cells

131
Q

What is the posteromedial aspects of the lobes of the thyroid gland attached to?

A

The side of the cricoid cartilage

132
Q

What connects the lower part of the lobes of the thyroid gland?

A

The isthmus

133
Q

Where is the isthmus typically?

A

Anterior to the 2nd and 3rd tracheal cartilage.
However the site greatly varies

134
Q

Is the conical pyramidal lobe always present?

A

No, often absent or small

135
Q

Where does the conical pyramidal lob ascend towards?

A

The hyoid bone

136
Q

What is the convex lateral surface of the thyroid gland covered by?

A

Sternothyroid

137
Q

What prevents the upper pole of the gland from extending o to thyrohyoid?

A

Attachments of the sternothyroid muscle

138
Q

From lateral to medial how is the neurovascular bundle of the neck organised

A

Jugular vein
Vagus nerve
Common carotid artery

139
Q

Name of fascia in the neck

A

Pretracheal (visceral)

140
Q

What is the thyroid gland developed from?

A

Endocermal cells

141
Q

Where in the embryo is the thyrogloassal duct?

A

Posterior to the tongue

142
Q

What is the central collie core of follicles surrounded dby?

A

A single-layered epithelium

143
Q

What does the central colloid core rest on?

A

Basal lamina

144
Q

What does colloid consist of?

A

Iodinated glycoprotein
Iodothyroglobulin

145
Q

What is iodothyroglobulin?

A

The inactive stored form of the active thyroid hormones

146
Q

What is iodothyroglobulin produced by?

A

The follicular epithelial cells

147
Q

What does the follicular cell type depend on?

A

Their level of activity

148
Q

What controls the follicular cells’ level of activity?

A

Hypophysial thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH, thyrotropin)

149
Q

Wha does the peptide hormone calcitonin do?

A

Lowers blood calcium

150
Q

What is the venous drainage of the thyroid gland usually via?

A

Superior, middle and inferior thyroid vein

151
Q

Where do the parathyroid glands usually lie?

A

Between the posterior lobar borders of the thyroid gland and its capsule

152
Q

How many parathyroid glands are there typically?

A

2 on each side

153
Q

What are the parathyroid glands usually supplied by?

A

The inferior thyroid arteries

154
Q

What is the endodermic origin of the parathyroid glands?

A

3rd and 4th pharyngeal pouch

155
Q

What is the capsule of the parathyroids made up of?

A

Connective tissue

156
Q

Does the parathyroid glands have distinct lobules?

A

No

157
Q

What do the parathyroid glands synthesize and secrete?

A

Parathyroid hormone (PTH)

158
Q

What makes the number of oxyphil cells in the parathyroid increase?

A

Age

159
Q

When are chief cells dominant in the parathyroid glands?

A

In childhood

160
Q

When does adipose tissue accumulate in the stroma?

A

After puberty

161
Q

Where does the right adrenal gland lie in relations to the inferior vena cava?

A

Posterior

162
Q

What separates the right adrenal gland and the inferior vena cava?

A

A thin layer of fascia and connective tissue

163
Q

What does the left adrenal gland lie closely to?

A

Left crus of the diaphragm

164
Q

What separates the left adrenal gland and the crus of the diaphragm?

A

A thin layer of fascia and connective tissue

165
Q

Where does the medullary veins emerge from?

A

The hilum

166
Q

Wheat does the medullary veins form?

A

A suprarenal vein

167
Q

What does the right suprarenal vein pass into?

A

Directly into the inferior vena cava

168
Q

What does the left suprarenal vein pass into?

A

Left renal vein

169
Q

What is the adrenal glands capsule like?

A

Thick collagenous

170
Q

What forms the main mass of the adrenal glands?

A

An outer cortex

171
Q

Do the zones of the suprarenal cortex synthesize the same hormones?

A

No they each synthesise a specific hormone

172
Q

Is the function of androgen the same in both genders?

A

Yes

173
Q

What makes up 70% of the cortex of the adrenal glands?

A

The zona fasciculata

174
Q

What is the suprarenal medulla composed of?

A

Groups and columns of chromatin cells separated by wide venous sinusoids and supported by a network of reticular fibers

175
Q

What are chromaffin cells functionally equivalent to?

A

Postganglionic sympathetic neurons

176
Q

What are chromaffin cells dericatives of?

A

Neural crest

177
Q

What do chromaffin cells do?

A

Synthesise, store and release noradrenaline and adrenaline

178
Q

What is 80% of what is produced by the chromaffin cells in the suprarenal medulla?

A

Adrenaline

179
Q

What mediates the release of adrenaline and noradrenaline into the venous sinusoids?

A

Sympathetic neurones

180
Q

How is adrenaline stored?

A

In small granules

181
Q

How is noradrenaline stored?

A

In large granules

182
Q

Do some cells of the suprarenal medulla synthesize both noradrenaline and adrenalin?

A

Yes

183
Q

What does a double plexus of the adrenal glands show?

A

That it may have function in productions of the other hormones

human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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