Respiratory tract Flashcards
(199 cards)
1
Q
3 parts of the respiratory tract
A
Upper airways
Inferior airways
Organ of respiration
2
Q
What is included in the upper airways?
A
Nasal cavity
Paranasal sinuses
(naso)pharynx
3
Q
What is included in the inferior airways?
A
Larynx
Trachea
Bronchi
4
Q
What is the organ of respiration?
A
The lungs
5
Q
What 2 systems is the pharynx shared between?
A
The respiratory system
The digestive system
6
Q
Where does the pharynx go from and to?
A
The outer part of the basil part of the occipital bone and C6
7
Q
What is the pharynx?
A
A musculomembranous tube
8
Q
What is the inner aspect of the pharynx covered by?
A
Mucosa
9
Q
Where is the pharynx larger?
A
In the cranial part
10
Q
What does the pharynx communicate with?
A
Nasal, oral and laryngeal cavities
11
Q
What is the wall of the pharynx made of?
A
Skeletal muscles (voluntary)
12
Q
3 parts of the pharynx
A
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Hypopharynx (laryngopharynx)
13
Q
Where does the oesophagus start?
A
C6
14
Q
Is the pharynx closed or open posteriorly?
A
Closed
15
Q
What suspends the pharynx’s to the outer aspect of the base of the skull?
A
Pharyngobasilae fascia
16
Q
What are the 3 circular constrictor muscles of the pharynx?
A
Superior pharyngeal constrictor
Middle pharyngeal constrictor
Inferior pharyngeal constrictor
17
Q
What is the connective part where the pharyngeal muscles connect called?
A
Pharyngeal raphe
18
Q
3 elevator muscles of the pharynx
A
Stylopharyngeus muscle
Salpingopharyngeus muscle
Palatopharyngeus muscle
19
Q
Where does the superior pharyngeal constrictor muscle originate?
A
The pterygomandibular raphe
20
Q
Where does the middle pharyngeal constrictor muscle originate?
A
Greater horn of the hyoid bone
21
Q
Where does the interior pharyngeal constrictor muscle originate?
A
Thyroid cartilage of the larynx (oblique line)
22
Q
Where does the stylopharyngess muscle originate?
A
Styloid process
23
Q
Where does the salpingopharyngeus muscle originate?
A
Cartilage of the auditory tube
24
Q
Do the elevator muscles of the pharynx mix with the fibers of the constrictors?
A
Yes
25
Where does the palatopharyngeus muscle originate?
Soft palate
26
How many opening in the posterior of the pharynx?
3
27
Where is the nasopharynx located?
Posterior to the choanae
28
What is the posterior wall of the nasopharynx in touch with?
C1 and C2
29
What is found on the lateral walls of the nasopharynx?
The opening of the auditory tube
30
Which part of the nasopharynx os not rigid?
The soft palate (the floor)
31
Different name for auditory tube
Eustachian
32
What kind of structure is the auditory tube?
Cartilage
33
Is the opening of the auditory tube a real opening?
Yes, the air communicates with the middle ear
34
What kind of mucosa is found in the nasopharynx?
Respiratory mucosa
35
Where is the oropharynx located?
Posterior to the isthmus of the forsus
36
What does the laryngopharynx communicate with
Communicates with the larynx
37
What does the oropharynx communicate with?
The oral cavity
38
What kind of mucosa is found in the oropharynx
Continuation of mucosa of the oral cavity
Squamous stratified non keratinised epithelium
39
What is the larynx?
An air passage
A sphincter
Organ of phonation (production of sound)
40
Where does the larynx extend from and to?
The root of the tongue to the trachea
41
Where does the laryngopharynx go from and to?
C3-C6
42
Proper term for Adam's apple
Laryngeal prominence
43
What envelopes the larynx?
The visceral pretracheal fascia
44
Where does the visceral pre tracheal fascia covers the larynx?
Anteriorly, laterally and posteriorly
45
Where does the laryngeal prominence fit between?
The infra hyoid muscles
46
What suspends the thyroid cartilage to the hyoid bone?
The thyrohyoid membrane
47
What is the skeletal framework of the larynx?
Different articulated cartilage connected by membrane and moved by muscles
48
3 single laryngeal cartilages
Thyroid
Cricoid
Epiglottic cartilages
49
What are the 4 paired laryngeal cartilage?
Arytenoid
Corniculate
Cuneiform
Tritiated
50
What kind of cartilage are the laryngeal cartilage?
Hyaline cartilage
Elastic cartilage
51
What is the anterior process of the arytenoid cartilage called?
The vocal process
52
What is the posterior process of the arytenoid cartilage called?
Muscular process
53
Where does the stalk of the epiglottis attach to? and through what?
The inner surface of the thyroid cartilage through the thyroepiglottic ligament
54
What 2 types of movement does the circa-aryhtenoid joint allow for?
Rotation
Gliding movement
55
What does the lateral rotation of the arytenoid cartilage do to the vocal folds/ligaments?
Abduction
56
What does the medial rotation of the arytenoid cartilage do to the vocal folds/ligaments?
Adduction
57
Different name for vestibular ligament
Fasle vocal folds
58
What forms the true vocal folds?
The vocal ligament
59
Why are the false vocal folds called so?
Because they are not involved in formation of sound
60
What does the contraction of the thyroarytenoid muscle do?
Draws the arytenoid cartilages anteriorly and thus relaxes the vocal ligament
61
What sound does the relaxing of the vocal ligaments give?
Low pitch
62
What is found lateral to the vocal ligaments?
The vocals muscles (most medial part of the thyroarytenoid muscle)
63
What is the space (recess) between the vestibular and the vocal folds?
Ventricle of larynx/vestibule
64
What kind of epithelium are the vocal folds covered in?
Squamous stratified epithelium
65
2 types of innervation in the larynx
Sensory innervation of the mucosa
Motor innervation of the muscles producing sound
66
What nerve does the laryngeal nerve branch from?
The vagus nerve
67
Where does the trachea go from and to?
C6-T4
68
What is the trachea made from?
Cartilagous rings (up to 20), hyaline cartilage
69
Where does the trachea bifurcate?
T4
70
Length of trachea
10-12cm
71
Which bronchus is longer?
Left
72
Which bronchus has a larger diameter?
Right
73
Which bronchus forms a higher degree angle from the midline?
The left
74
What is the right bronchus in close relationship with?
The azygos vein
75
What is the left bronchus in close relationship with?
The aorta
76
4 sections of the lungs
Apex
Base
3 borders
2 surfaces
77
Name of the 2 surfaces of the lungs
Mediastinum surface
Costal surface
78
Name of the serous membrane covering the lungs
Pleura
79
How many layers of the pleura?
2
80
Name of the 2 layers of the pleura
Visceral pleura (attached to lung)
Pariteal pleura (attached to the chest wall)
81
What is the name of the cavity between the 2 layers of the pleura?
Pleural cavity
82
Are the 2 layers of the pleura made from the same membrane?
Yes
83
4 sections of the pariteal pleura
Cervical part
Costal part
Diaphragmatic part
Mediastinal part
84
Name of the notch of the left lung
Cardiac notch
85
Which lung is bigger?
Right
86
How many fissure on the right lung?
2
87
How many fissures on the left lung?
1
88
How many lobes on the right lung?
3
89
How many lobes on the left lung?
2
90
Name of the fissures of the right lung
Oblique
Horizontal
91
Name of the fissure of the left lung
Oblique
92
How many segmental bronchus of each bronchi in each lung?
10
93
How many lobar bronchus does the bronchi in each lung?
Right:3
Left:2
94
Names of the 3 lobes of the right lung
Superior
Middle
Inferior
95
Names of the 2 lobes of the left lung
Superior
Inferior
96
What are the cartilage rings replaced with when moving towards the bronchioles?
Incomplete runs, irregular sports of cartilage
97
What marks the transition from bronchi to bronchioles?
The stopping of cartilage
98
Do bronchioles have cartilage?
No
99
2 parts of the lobule
Terminal bronchiole
Acinus
100
What does the Clara cells produce?
Surfactant lipoprotein
101
What do neuroendocrine cells produce?
Hormones
102
Which is the main artery supplying the pharynx?
The pharyngeal artery
103
How are the veins in the pharynx organised?
Superficial pharyngeal venous plexus
Deep pharyngeal venous plexus
104
What is the inner layer of the pharynx made up of?
Mucosa
105
What is the outer layer of the pharynx made up of?
Skeletal muscle and pre vertebral fascia
106
What does the palatopharyngeal arch consist of?
Muscle covered by mucosa
107
Which structure of the nasopharynx is the only one that is not rigid?
The floor
108
What raises and lowers the floor of the nasopharynx?
The soft palate
109
Deglutition meaning
The action or process of swallowing
110
When is the larynx mobile?
During degulition (swallowing)
111
Where does the larynx project?
Ventrally between the great vessels of the neck
112
What is the larynx covered by anteriorly?
Skin
Fasciae
The hyoid depressor muscles
113
What makes the larynx an organ of phonation?
The vocal points
114
What cartilage of the larynx is hyaline cartilage?
Arytenoid
Thyroid
Tritiate
Cricoid
115
What cartilage of the larynx is elastic cartilage?
Vocal process of the arytheonoids
Epiglottis
Corniculate
Cuneiform cartilage
116
3 joints of the larynx
Cricothyroid joint
Cricoarytenoid joint
Arycorniculate joint
117
What cartilage of the larynx has the shape of a shield?
The thyroid
118
Where on the thyroid cartilage does the true vocal folds attach?
The thyroid notch
119
Where on the thyroid cartilage does the fasle vocal folds attach?
Laterally to the true vocal folds
120
What cartilage of the larynx has the shape of a ring?
Cricoid cartilage
121
What does the cricoid cartilage have a similar shape to?
The rings of the trachea
122
Which margin of the cricoid cartilage of the pharynx articulates with arytenoid cartilage?
Posteriorly on the superior margin
123
What is the primary movement at the circo-thyroid joint?
Rotation around a transverse axis
124
What does the movement of the circo-thyroid joint do?
Brings together the lamina of the thyroid cartilage and the arch of the cricoid cartilage (closing the visor)
Lengthens the vocal ligament
125
What effect does the lengthening of the vocal ligament have?
Increase vocal fold tension
126
What does the rotation of the circo-arythtenoid do?
Makes each vocal process swing laterally (increasing width of the rima glottidis) or medially (decreasing width of the rima glottidis)
127
What does the gliding of the circo-arythtenoid do?
Adduction or abduction of the vocal folds
128
What does the medial gliding of the circo-arythtenoid do? and when does it occur
Adduction
Occurs with medial rotation
129
What does the lateral gliding of the circo-arythtenoid do? and when does it occur
Abduction
Occurs with lateral rotation
130
Where does the fibroelastic membran of the larynx lie?
Within the cartilaginous skeleton of the larynx, beneath the laryngeal mucosa
131
What does the laryngeal muscles do?
Move laryngeal cartilages relative to one another
132
What does the moving of the laryngeal cartilages do?
Affects the tension/position of the vocal folds
133
Origin and insertion of the cricothyroid muscle?
Origin: nterolateral part of cricoid cartilage
Insertion of oblique part: inferior horn of thyroid cartilage
Insertion of straight part: Inferior margin of thyroid cartilage
134
Action of the cricothyroid muscle
Draws thyroid cartilage anteroinferiorly
Lengthens and tenses vocal ligament (high pitch sound)
135
Which laryngeal muscle creates and adduction of the muscular processes?
Posterior cricoarythenoid muscle
136
What does the adduction of the muscular processes do?
Abduction of vocal process
Opening of rima glottidis
137
What does the abduction of the muscular processes do?
Adduction of vocal process
Closing of rima glottidis
138
Which laryngeal muscle creates and abduction of the muscular processes?
Lateral cricoarythenoid
139
What do the transverse and oblique interarythenoid muscles do?
Medial gliding of aryhenoids and blocking
Adduction of vocal processes, closing rima glottidis
140
Which muscle of the larynx makes a low pitched voice?
Thyroarytenoid muscle
141
What is the default position of the rima glottidis?
Open
142
Where is the apex of the rima glottidis?
Anterior
143
Where is the base of the rima glottidis?
Posterior
144
Why is the rima glottidis redish?
Because of respiratory mucosa
145
What happens to the rima glottidis during forced respiration?
It is widened and vocal cords are fully abducted to increase airway
146
How many layers does the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?
3 layers
147
What does the most superficial layer of the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?
Loose collagen and elastic fibers
148
What does the intermediate layer of the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?
Elastic fibers
149
What does the deep layer of the lamina propia of the vocal folds consist of?
Collagen fibers
150
Which layers of the lamina propia of the vocal folds form the vocal ligament?
The intermediate and the deep layer
151
Which theory explains the mechanism underlying the vocal fold vibrations?
Aerodynamic-myoelastic theory
152
When are vocal sounds produced?
When forced exhalation creates pressurised airflow that collides with the vocal folds resulting in their vibration
153
Where does the superior thyroid artery originate from?
Common carotid artery
154
Where does the inferior laryngeal artery originate from?
Thyrocervical trunk
155
What does the right recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
Brachiocephalic trunk
156
Where does the left recurrent laryngeal nerve wrap around?
The aortic arch
157
Is the right recurrent laryngeal nerve sensory or motor?
Exclusively motor
158
Which innervation produces sound?
Motor innervation
159
After the bifurcation of the trachea, which side is longest before it bifurcates again?
Left
160
What is the innermost layer of the trachea?
Epithelium
161
Which 2 nerves innervate the parietal pleura of the lungs?
Intercostal nerves
Phrenic nerve
162
Which nerves innervates the visceral pleura?
Autonomic nerves
163
What is pneumothorax?
Abnormal collection of air in pleural space
Collapsed lung
164
How many more ribs than the lung does the pleura project on?
2 more
So the lung project anterior on the 6th rib and the pleura on the 8th
165
Which rib does the lung project on anteriorly?
6th
166
Which rib does the lung project on posteriorly?
10th
167
How many segments of each lung?
10
168
Which lung segments are found in the superior lobe of the right lung?
1-3
169
Which lung segments are found in the middle lobe of the right lung?
4 and 5
170
Which lung segments are found in the inferior lobe of the right lung?
6-10
171
Which lung segments are found in the superior lobe of the left lung?
1-5
172
Which lung segments are found in the inferior lobe of the left lung?
6-10
173
What does the pulmonary ligament surround?
Hilum of the lung:
Bronchus
Pulmonary artery
Pulmonary veins
174
Does the bronchioli have glands nad cartilage in the wall?
No
175
Function of bronchioli and bronchioli terminales
Conductive
176
What is the function of the bronchioli respiratorii?
Respiratory (gas exchange)
177
What are the conductive airways lined internally by?
Mucosa
Submucosa
178
Where in the lungs is cartilage present?
Fron trachea to smallest bronchi
179
Where in the lungs is cartilage absent?
Bronchioles
180
Where in the lungs is the smooth muscle and respiratory surface largest?
Alveolar
181
What is the extra pulmonary and larger intrapulmonary passages lined by? (epithelium)
Respiratory epithelium
182
What is respiratory epithelium?
Pseudostratified
Ciliated
Mucous secreting goblet cells
183
6 types of epithelial cells in the conducting airways
Ciliated columnar
Goblet
Clara
Basal
Brush
Neuroendocrine
184
What does BALT stand for
Bronchus
Associated
Lymphoyd
Tissue
185
What are the capillary endothelial cells?
Single layer of a flat cell
186
What is the alveolar epithelium?
Single layer mosaic of types 1 and 2 pneumocytes
187
Which cells form over 90% of the alveolar area?
Type 1 pneumocytes (simple squamous epithelial cells)
188
What about the type 1 pneumocytes facilitates gas diffusion?
Their thin cytoplasm
189
What joins type 1 pneumocyte?
Thight junctions
190
What creates the blood-air barrier?
The tight junctions of type 1 pneumocytes
191
Do type 1 pneumocyte divide?
No
192
What happens if type 1 pneumocytes are damaged?
They are replaced by type 2 cells which proliferate and differentiate into type 1
193
What are type 2 pneumocytes the precursor of?
Alveolar surfactants which helps reduce surface tension
194
What do alveolar macrophages do?
Clear the respiratory spaces of inhaled particles small enough to reach the alveoli
195
What does principle of La Place say?
Surfactants create less surface tension and equal pressure in 2 alveolar of different sizes
196
How many pulmonary veins per lung?
2
197
Where does the pulmonary trunk bifurcate?
Below the aortic arch
198
How does the right main pulmonary artery divide?
It trifurcates into 3 lobar arteries which divide into segmental arteries and then into sub segmental arteries
199
How does the left main pulmonary artery divide?
Bifurcates into 2 lobar arteries
