The lower limb Flashcards
(151 cards)
1
Q
What is the sacral promontory?
A
Where L5 meets S1
2
Q
Where does the head of the femur go into?
A
Acetabulum
3
Q
Why is extension of the leg limited?
A
Because of the ligaments and their fibers direction
4
Q
What happens to the ischiofemoral ligament during flexion?
A
They are completely relaxed
5
Q
What can be used to distinguish left and right femur?
A
The head as it looks medial
6
Q
What is the area on the back of the knees called?
A
The popliteal region
7
Q
Are the condyles at the end of the femur large or small?
A
Large
8
Q
Why are the condyles of the femur more developed/rounded on the posterior side?
A
Flexion of the knee is much more extended than extension so there is need for more surface of the condyle of the posterior
9
Q
What can vary a lot from person to person in the femur?
A
The angle of the head
10
Q
What is the normal range for the angle of the head of the femur?
A
135-120c
11
Q
What is it called when a person has a larger angle of the femur head?
A
Coax valga
12
Q
What is it called when a person has a smaller angle of the femur head?
A
Coxa vara
13
Q
Latin name for hip
A
Coxa
14
Q
What effect does the angle of the head of the femur have?
A
Postural alignment of the femur with the tibia at the level of the knee
15
Q
What consequences does the angle of the femur head being out of the norm have?
A
Walking
Alignment
Cartilage (inflammation and uneven usage)
Chronic inflammation of the joint
16
Q
2 internal muscles of the hip
A
Ileo-psoas
Psoas minor
17
Q
How many layers of external muscles of the hip?
A
3 (superficial, intermediate and deep)
18
Q
Which is the main extensor of the hip?
A
Gluteus maximus
19
Q
Which muscles in the superficial layer of the hip?
A
Tensor fasciae latae
Gleutus maximus
20
Q
Which muscle makes up the intermediate muscle layer of the hip?
A
Gluten medius
21
Q
Which muscle layers provides the stability and rotation of the hip?
A
The deep and intermedial layer
22
Q
How are most of our movement driven?
A
Automatically
23
Q
What kind of muscles are the muscles of the hip?
A
Voluntary, striated, skeletory muscles
24
Q
3 groups of muscles of the thighs
A
Anterior
Posterior
Medial
25
What do the anterior muscles of the thigh do to the hip and knee?
Extensor of the knee
Flexor of the hip
26
What do the posterior muscles of the thigh do to the hip and knee?
Extensor of the hip
Flexor of the knee
27
Origin and insertion of the different heads of the quadricep
The origin is different but the insertion is the same in one tendon which attached to the tibia below the patella (which it makes an envelope around)
28
Where In the legs are the adductors located?
In the thigh
29
What is the hole created by the adductor tendons above the knee called?
Adductor hiatus
30
Where does the femoral artery enter in the thigh?
The adductor canal
31
Where does the femoral artery for from being superficial anterior to posterior?
After passing through the adductor canal
32
What is the femoral artery called after it goes through the adductor canal
Popletral artery
33
Which muscle of the lower limb is the equivalent to the deltoid in the shoulder?
Gluteus maximus
34
What are the gluteus medius and minimus?
Abductors
35
Which does the lateral stabilisation of the leg?
Ilotibial tract
36
Most powerful extensor of the knee?
Quadricep
37
What is the hamstring?
Collective name for the posterior leg muscles
38
Does the fibula participate in the knee?
No
39
What makes up the knee?
Femurtibial joint and the patella
40
What is the lateral malleolus?
41
Are there knee ligaments that attach to the fibula?
Yes
42
What is the patella ligament?
Ligament of quadriceps
43
Where are the cruciate ligament found?
Inside the knee joint
44
What is the crossing of the cruciate ligaments?
Atero-posterior (saggital)
45
Which is the anterior cruciate ligament?
The one that attaches anteriorly on the tibia
46
Which surface is longest in the knee joint?
The femoral articular surface
47
What keeps the tibia steady and in place?
The cruciate ligaments
48
Where are the menisi thinner?
Medially
49
3 types of bones in the foot
Antetarsus (phalanges)
Metatarsus (metatarsal bones
Tarsus (tarsal bones)
50
3 sections of the foot
Forefoot
Midfoot
Hindfoot
51
Which is the most powerful tendon?
Archilles tendon
52
Where does the Achilles tendon attach?
Posterior part of the calcaneus
53
4 parts of the lower limg
Hip
Thigh
Leg
Foot
54
What makes up the skeleton of the thigh?
The femur
55
What makes up the skeleton of the legs?
Tibia
Fibula
Patella
56
3 groups of bones in the foot?
Tarsus
Metatarsus
Phalanges
57
3 primordial of the hip bone
Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
58
Name of the cavity that receives the femur and welding point of the 3 bones of the hip
Acetabulum
59
What is the acetabulum notch the fusion point of?
The pubis and ischium
60
Name of the large foramen below the acetabulum
Oburator foramen
61
Shape of oburator foramen in males and females
Males: oval
Females: triangular
62
What fills out most of the oburator?
The oburator membrane
63
What passes through the oburator canal?
The oburator neurovascular bundle
64
Largest part of the hipbones?
Ilium
65
What are the 4 parts if the iliac crest?
The inner lip
Intermediate zone
Outer lip
Tuberculum of iliac crest
66
What part of the hip can easily be felt from the outside?
Anterior superior iliac spine
67
Different name for wing of the ilium
Ala
68
Different name for hipbone
Coxal bone
69
How many lines on the gluteal surface and their names?
Anterior gluteal line
Inferior gluteal line
Posterior gluteal line
70
Name of the internal surface of the iliac
Iliac fossa
71
Which is the inferior posterior part of the hip bone?
The ischium
72
2 parts of the ischium
Body
Ramus
73
Which parts of the hip bone make up the oburator foramen?
Ischium
Pubis
74
What forms the deep notch (greater sciatic notch) of the hip bone?
Ischium (above the ischial spine)
Ilium (body)
75
Where is the lesser sciatic notch found?
Below the ischial spine
76
What transforms the greater and lesser sciatic notches into foramen?
Sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments
77
What represents the ventral portion of the hip bone?
The pubis
78
What does the spermatic cord cross superiorly?
The pubic tubercle
79
What makes up the pelvis?
Hipbone
Pubic symphysis
Sacrum
Coccyx
80
Which is the true pelvis?
The lesser pelvis
81
2 parts of pelvis
Greater pelvis
Lesser pelvis
82
In which part of the pelvis is the iliac fossa?
The greater pelvis
83
What are the borders of the lesser pelvis?
Superiorly: the pelvic inlet
Inferiorly: the pelvic outlet
84
What is the name of the big hole of the pelvis when seen from above?
The pelvic inlet
85
What is the name of the big hole of the pelvis when seen from below?
The pelvic outlet
86
What is pelvimetry?
The measurement of the size and capacity of the pelvis
87
Which is the most voluminous long bone in the body?
Femur
88
What are the 3 surfaces of the femur called?
Anterior
Posterolateral
Posteromedial
89
Which border of the femur is rough?
The posterior
90
Name of the posterior border of the femur
Aspera
91
What 4 things does the proximal end of the femur consist of?
Head
Neck
Lesser trochanter
Greater trochanter
92
Name of the two condyles on the distal end of the femur
Lateral
Medial
93
Name of the fossa on the distal end of the femur
Intercondylar fossa
94
Which is the largest sesamoid bone?
The patella
95
Which surface of the patella is convex?
The anterior
96
Which way does the base of the patella face?
Upward
97
Which is bigger, the tibia or the fibula?
The tibia
98
Which bone of the leg is located medially?
The Tibia
99
Which part of the shaft of the tibia is more voluminous?
The top
100
Which extremity of the tibia is the smaller one?
The distal
101
Does the fibula participate directly in supporting the weight of the body?
No
102
Where does the tendon for the gluteal Maximus attach?
Gluteal tuberosity
103
How many muscles attach to the line aspera of the femur?
4
104
Which is the bone that transmits the body weight onto the foot?
The talus
105
What kind of bone is the talus?
Short bone
106
What does the sacroiliac joint connect?
The two hip bones with the sacrum
107
What is the head of the femur covered by?
Hayline cartilage
108
Does the entire cavity of the acetabulum articulate with the head of the femur?
No
109
What kind of movement does the sacroiliac joint allow for?
Sliding movement
110
Is the hip joint stable?
Yes
111
Which movements are allowed by the hip joint?
Flexion
Extension
Abduction
Adduction
Rotation
Circumduction
112
Which is the largest and most complex joint in the body?
Knee
113
Name of the joint between the patellar surface of the femur and the articular surface of the patella
Patellofemoral joint
114
Name of the joint between the condyles of the femur and the superior articular surface of the tibia
Tibiofemoral joint
115
What kind of joint is the tibiofemoral joint?
Hinge or trochlea joint
116
What attaches the patella to the tibia?
The patellar ligament
117
Name of the two menisci
Lateral
Medial
118
What shape do the menisci have?
Semilunar
119
Which menisci is wider?
The medial
120
Which menisci moves the most?
The lateral
121
What joins the anterior ends of the 2 menisci?
Transverse ligament of the knee
122
Which 3 bones make up the knee joint?
Femur
Patella
Tibia
123
What tendon overlies the patella bone?
The quadriceps tendon
124
What does the patella ligament and quadriceps tendon attach to?
The tibial tuberosity
125
Where is the supra patella bursa found?
Above the patella
126
Where is the pre patella bursa found?
On top of the patella bone, below the tendons
127
Where are the deep and superficial infra patella bursa found?
Below the patella
128
Which ligament prevents the tibia from sliding out in front of the femur?
The ACL (anterior cruciate ligament)
129
Where does the ACL attach?
Back of the femur and front of tibia
130
Where does the PCL (posterior cruciate ligament) attach?
Femur to back of the tibia
131
What prevents the knee from hyper extending (the tibia going behind the femur)?
The PCL
132
Which direction does the ACL move (LAMP)?
Medially
133
Which way does the PCL move (LAMP)?
Laterally
134
4 functions of the meniscus
Shock absorber
Allows for congruency between joint surfaces
Enhances joint stability
Aids in distribution of synovial fluids
135
What movements does the knee joint allow for?
Flexion and extension
Internal and external rotation
136
What kind of joint is the proximal tibiofibular joint?
Plane joint
137
What is the distal tibiofibular joint typically considered?
A syndesmosis
138
What kind of joint is the angle joint?
Hinge joint
139
What are the 3 groups of bones in the foot?
Tarsals
Metatarsals
Phalanges
140
Which way does the head of the femur look?
Medial
141
Where on the femur does the tendon for glutes Maximus attach?
Gluteal tuberosity
142
Is the round surface of the femur more developed on the anterior or posterior part?
Posterior part
143
What part of the acetabulum is the weight when standing?
The roof
144
Where do most of the muscles of the hip originate and insert?
Originate: vertebral column and pelvis
Insert: femur
145
4 heads of quadriceps femoris
Rectus femoris (superior medial)
Vastus lateralis (inferior lateral)
Vastus medialis (inferior medial)
Vastus intermedius (deep)
146
Names of the 4 adductor muscles
Adductor longs
Adductor brevis
Adductor magnus
Adductor minimus
147
Where do all 3 glute muscle originate and insert?
Originate: back of the illium
Insert: femur
148
Which is the longest muscle in the body?
Satorius
149
Which part of the quadriceps does not originate on the femur?
The rectus femoris which originates from the anterior inferior iliac spine
150
Which is the most lateral hamstring muscle?
Biceps femrois
151
