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Human anatomy and organogenesis > The Urinaryn System > Flashcards

The Urinaryn System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Waste excretion

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2
Q

Lesser known functions of the kidneys

A

Endocrine
Producing and releasing erythropoietin and renin
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
Metabolic functions

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3
Q

What does renin influnce?

A

Blood pressure

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4
Q

What does erythropoietin regulate?

A

Red blood cell production

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5
Q

What kind of organs are kidneys?

A

Abdominal retroperitoneal organs

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6
Q

Is the urine modified after it leaves the kidneys?

A

No, the urinary bladder is a passive organ, just storage

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7
Q

How much blood passes through the kidney filter per min? (Sum of the 2)

A

1.25 lt/min

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8
Q

How long does it take for all the blood to pass through the renal filter?

A

5 min

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9
Q

How much urine do we produce a day on average?

A

1.5 lt

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10
Q

How much liquid is reabsorbed from the kidneys a day?

A

178.5 lt

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11
Q

How much filtrate is produced by the kidneys per day?

A

180 lt

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12
Q

Is it the filtration or reabsorption in the kidneys that is selective?

A

The reabsorption

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13
Q

What 3 muscles are the posterior aspects of the kidney in contact with?

A

Diaphragm
Psoas major
Quadratics lumborum

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14
Q

Which kidney is placed lower?

A

The right

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15
Q

Difference between right and left kidneys when it comes to rib projection

A

Both the 11th and 12th project of the left where only the 12th projects on the right

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16
Q

What does the upper anterior part of the right kidney have a relationship with?

A

The right lobe of the liver

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17
Q

Do the two perirenal spaces communicate?

A

No, it avoids infection from one to the other that they are separate

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18
Q

2 components of kidney structure

A

Peripheral structure (cortex)
Medulla

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19
Q

What carries the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

The ureter

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20
Q

What is the apex of a single minor calyx indented with?

A

Apex of renal papilla

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21
Q

What is the medulla made up of?

A

Renal pyramids

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22
Q

What kind of tissue separates the medulla tissue?

A

Cortical tissue

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23
Q

What is the beginning of the urinary tract?

A

Renal pelvis

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24
Q

How does the number of renal pyramids and the minor calyces relate?

A

They are the same

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25
Q

What makes up the renal medulla?

A

The renal pyramids

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26
Q

What does the renal pelvis branch into?

A

The major calyx in the kidney
Becomes the ureter

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27
Q

What does the major calyx branch into?

A

Minor calyx

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28
Q

When does modification of urine stop?

A

When it enters the minor calyx

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29
Q

What do they renal artery branches change name to when they reach the base of the medulla?

A

Interlobar artery

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30
Q

What doe the interloper artery branch into in the cortex?

A

Interlobular arteries

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31
Q

How many layers does the Bowmans capsule have?

A

2 (internal and external layer)

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32
Q

What is the capillary in the kidneys completely wrapped by?

A

The visceral layer of the Bowman’s capsule

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33
Q

What is the filtering unit of the capillary?

A

The walls

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34
Q

Does the visceral layer of the Bowmans capsule participate in the filtration?

A

Yes

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35
Q

Do the afferent and efferent glomerular arteriole enter and exit the Bowmans capsule at the same side?

A

Yes

36
Q

What pole is opposite to the vascular pole in the Bowmans capsule?

A

The urinary pole

37
Q

What 2 things make up the renal corpuscle?

A

The glomerulus and the Bowmans capsule

38
Q

What is the filtering and collecting unit of the Nephron?

A

The renal corpuscle

39
Q

What is the producing unit of the kidney?

A

The Nephron

40
Q

Name of arteriole that takes blood away from the glomerulus

A

Efferent arteriole

41
Q

Name of arteriole that takes blood to the glomerulus

A

Afferent arteriole

42
Q

What is the name of the first part of the tubule?

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

43
Q

What is the name of the second part of the tubule?

A

Loop of Henle

44
Q

What is the name of the third part of the tubule?

A

Distal convoluted tubules

45
Q

What are the holes (papilla) at the tip of the pyramids in the medulla?

A

The open end of the collecting tubule

46
Q

What part of the nephron is found in the medulla?

A

The loop of Henly and part of the collecting duct

47
Q

What connects the nephrons?

A

The collecting duct

48
Q

What is the filtration barrier?

A

The wall of globalurary capillary

49
Q

What is the name of the epithelial cells of the visceral layer of the Bowmans capsule

A

Podocytes

50
Q

What is the only continuous structure in the filtration barrier?

A

The basal membrane/lamina

51
Q

What mediates the attachment of pedicels to the basalmembrane?

A

Alpha 3 beta 1 integrin

52
Q

What are the actin skeletons of the pedicels connected to each other by?

A

The filtration slit diaphragm which is made up of nephrin

53
Q

What is the space between 2 pedicells called?

A

Filtration slit

54
Q

What makes up the filtration slit diaphragm?

A

Nephrin

55
Q

Can cells like erythrocytes get through the fenestration of the epithelial of the capillary?

A

No they are too big to get through

56
Q

What is the max weight of the molecules that can get through the filtration diaphragm?

A

69kb

57
Q

What is the name of the tissue that is found between the curves of the capillary?

A

Mesangium

58
Q

What cleans the basal lamina?

A

The mesangial cells

59
Q

What is the mesangial cells like?

A

Macrophages (it is phagocytic)

60
Q

How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?

A

Through a carrier molecule that transports it from the tubular side to the vascular side

61
Q

What is the max glycemic level that is able to reach max level of reabsorption?

A

180mg/ml
Anything beyond will cause glycosuria (glucose in the urine)

62
Q

What is Glycosuria?

A

When glucose is found in the blood due to glucose exceeding the number of carriers (the carrier system is saturated)

63
Q

Why is filtration passive? (no energy consumption)

A

Because of blood pressure

64
Q

What happens at the kidney level if the BP is too low?

A

The filtration won’t function properly and therefor the kidney will release hormones effecting the cardiac system to increase blood pressure

65
Q

Is the reabsorption active or passive?

A

Some is active and some is passive

66
Q

What happens in the ascending branch of the loop of Henle?

A

NaCl is actively reabsorbed
It is impermeable to water

67
Q

What are the vessels that vascularise the medulla called?

A

Vasa recta

68
Q

Which arteriole does the distal convoluted tubule touch?

A

The afferent arteriole

69
Q

What increases the rate of filtration?

A

An increase in blood pressure

70
Q

Which hormone is produced by the kidneys?

A

Renin

71
Q

What happens in the kidneys when the afferent arteriole senses a blood pressure reduction?

A

Secretion of renin is stimulated

72
Q

What behaves as a blood pressire receptor?

A

Afferent arteriole

73
Q

What does angiotensin II stimulate?

A

Aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex

74
Q

Why does the osmolarity increase the further into the medullar you get?

A

Because of the way the loop of henle works

75
Q

What are osmoseptors sensitive to?

A

The salts in blood

76
Q

Which limb of the henle loop is waterproof?

A

The ascending

77
Q

What is the descending limb of the loop of henle?

A

Permeable to water
Impermeable to NaCl and urea

78
Q

What does the urinary and genital system develop from?

A

A common mesodermic ridge

79
Q

What is the origin of primitive urogenital structure?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

80
Q

Why is the point where the ureter enters the urinary bladder absolutely oblique and not direct?

A

To avoid backflush of urine when pressure increases in urinary bladder

81
Q

Is the urethra shorter in males or females?

A

Females

82
Q

Does the ureters breach the peritoneal in the female?

A

No, they are always retro peritoneal

83
Q

What are the cells between the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent glomerular arteriole called?

A

Juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells

84
Q

Why are constrictions of the ureter clinically relevant?

A

It would be easy for kidney stones to get stuck and block flow

85
Q

What is the parietal layer of the Bowmans capsule formed by?

A

Simple squamous epithelium

86
Q

What is the name of the capillary network found in the pyramid?

A

The vasa recta

Human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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