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Human anatomy and organogenesis > The Urinaryn System > Flashcards

The Urinaryn System Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the main function of the kidneys?

A

Waste excretion

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2
Q

Lesser known functions of the kidneys

A

Endocrine
Producing and releasing erythropoietin and renin
Regulation of fluid and electrolyte balance
Metabolic functions

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3
Q

What does renin influnce?

A

Blood pressure

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4
Q

What does erythropoietin regulate?

A

Red blood cell production

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5
Q

What kind of organs are kidneys?

A

Abdominal retroperitoneal organs

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6
Q

Is the urine modified after it leaves the kidneys?

A

No, the urinary bladder is a passive organ, just storage

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7
Q

How much blood passes through the kidney filter per min? (Sum of the 2)

A

1.25 lt/min

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8
Q

How long does it take for all the blood to pass through the renal filter?

A

5 min

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9
Q

How much urine do we produce a day on average?

A

1.5 lt

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10
Q

How much liquid is reabsorbed from the kidneys a day?

A

178.5 lt

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11
Q

How much filtrate is produced by the kidneys per day?

A

180 lt

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12
Q

Is it the filtration or reabsorption in the kidneys that is selective?

A

The reabsorption

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13
Q

What 3 muscles are the posterior aspects of the kidney in contact with?

A

Diaphragm
Psoas major
Quadratics lumborum

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14
Q

Which kidney is placed lower?

A

The right

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15
Q

Difference between right and left kidneys when it comes to rib projection

A

Both the 11th and 12th project of the left where only the 12th projects on the right

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16
Q

What does the upper anterior part of the right kidney have a relationship with?

A

The right lobe of the liver

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17
Q

Do the two perirenal spaces communicate?

A

No, it avoids infection from one to the other that they are separate

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18
Q

2 components of kidney structure

A

Peripheral structure (cortex)
Medulla

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19
Q

What carries the urine from the kidneys to the urinary bladder?

A

The ureter

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20
Q

What is the apex of a single minor calyx indented with?

A

Apex of renal papilla

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21
Q

What is the medulla made up of?

A

Renal pyramids

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22
Q

What kind of tissue separates the medulla tissue?

A

Cortical tissue

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23
Q

What is the beginning of the urinary tract?

A

Renal pelvis

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24
Q

How does the number of renal pyramids and the minor calyces relate?

A

They are the same

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25
What makes up the renal medulla?
The renal pyramids
26
What does the renal pelvis branch into?
The major calyx in the kidney Becomes the ureter
27
What does the major calyx branch into?
Minor calyx
28
When does modification of urine stop?
When it enters the minor calyx
29
What do they renal artery branches change name to when they reach the base of the medulla?
Interlobar artery
30
What doe the interloper artery branch into in the cortex?
Interlobular arteries
31
How many layers does the Bowmans capsule have?
2 (internal and external layer)
32
What is the capillary in the kidneys completely wrapped by?
The visceral layer of the Bowman's capsule
33
What is the filtering unit of the capillary?
The walls
34
Does the visceral layer of the Bowmans capsule participate in the filtration?
Yes
35
Do the afferent and efferent glomerular arteriole enter and exit the Bowmans capsule at the same side?
Yes
36
What pole is opposite to the vascular pole in the Bowmans capsule?
The urinary pole
37
What 2 things make up the renal corpuscle?
The glomerulus and the Bowmans capsule
38
What is the filtering and collecting unit of the Nephron?
The renal corpuscle
39
What is the producing unit of the kidney?
The Nephron
40
Name of arteriole that takes blood away from the glomerulus
Efferent arteriole
41
Name of arteriole that takes blood to the glomerulus
Afferent arteriole
42
What is the name of the first part of the tubule?
Proximal convoluted tubule
43
What is the name of the second part of the tubule?
Loop of Henle
44
What is the name of the third part of the tubule?
Distal convoluted tubules
45
What are the holes (papilla) at the tip of the pyramids in the medulla?
The open end of the collecting tubule
46
What part of the nephron is found in the medulla?
The loop of Henly and part of the collecting duct
47
What connects the nephrons?
The collecting duct
48
What is the filtration barrier?
The wall of globalurary capillary
49
What is the name of the epithelial cells of the visceral layer of the Bowmans capsule
Podocytes
50
What is the only continuous structure in the filtration barrier?
The basal membrane/lamina
51
What mediates the attachment of pedicels to the basalmembrane?
Alpha 3 beta 1 integrin
52
What are the actin skeletons of the pedicels connected to each other by?
The filtration slit diaphragm which is made up of nephrin
53
What is the space between 2 pedicells called?
Filtration slit
54
What makes up the filtration slit diaphragm?
Nephrin
55
Can cells like erythrocytes get through the fenestration of the epithelial of the capillary?
No they are too big to get through
56
What is the max weight of the molecules that can get through the filtration diaphragm?
69kb
57
What is the name of the tissue that is found between the curves of the capillary?
Mesangium
58
What cleans the basal lamina?
The mesangial cells
59
What is the mesangial cells like?
Macrophages (it is phagocytic)
60
How is glucose reabsorbed in the nephron?
Through a carrier molecule that transports it from the tubular side to the vascular side
61
What is the max glycemic level that is able to reach max level of reabsorption?
180mg/ml Anything beyond will cause glycosuria (glucose in the urine)
62
What is Glycosuria?
When glucose is found in the blood due to glucose exceeding the number of carriers (the carrier system is saturated)
63
Why is filtration passive? (no energy consumption)
Because of blood pressure
64
What happens at the kidney level if the BP is too low?
The filtration won't function properly and therefor the kidney will release hormones effecting the cardiac system to increase blood pressure
65
Is the reabsorption active or passive?
Some is active and some is passive
66
What happens in the ascending branch of the loop of Henle?
NaCl is actively reabsorbed It is impermeable to water
67
What are the vessels that vascularise the medulla called?
Vasa recta
68
Which arteriole does the distal convoluted tubule touch?
The afferent arteriole
69
What increases the rate of filtration?
An increase in blood pressure
70
Which hormone is produced by the kidneys?
Renin
71
What happens in the kidneys when the afferent arteriole senses a blood pressure reduction?
Secretion of renin is stimulated
72
What behaves as a blood pressire receptor?
Afferent arteriole
73
What does angiotensin II stimulate?
Aldosterone secretion by the adrenal cortex
74
Why does the osmolarity increase the further into the medullar you get?
Because of the way the loop of henle works
75
What are osmoseptors sensitive to?
The salts in blood
76
Which limb of the henle loop is waterproof?
The ascending
77
What is the descending limb of the loop of henle?
Permeable to water Impermeable to NaCl and urea
78
What does the urinary and genital system develop from?
A common mesodermic ridge
79
What is the origin of primitive urogenital structure?
Intermediate mesoderm
80
Why is the point where the ureter enters the urinary bladder absolutely oblique and not direct?
To avoid backflush of urine when pressure increases in urinary bladder
81
Is the urethra shorter in males or females?
Females
82
Does the ureters breach the peritoneal in the female?
No, they are always retro peritoneal
83
What are the cells between the distal convoluted tubule and the afferent glomerular arteriole called?
Juxtaglomerular epithelioid cells
84
Why are constrictions of the ureter clinically relevant?
It would be easy for kidney stones to get stuck and block flow
85
What is the parietal layer of the Bowmans capsule formed by?
Simple squamous epithelium
86
What is the name of the capillary network found in the pyramid?
The vasa recta

Human anatomy and organogenesis (21 decks)

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