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Cardiovascular System Flashcards

(72 cards)

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0
Q

Atrial Systole

A

(Atrial contraction) forces blood into ventricles until pressure equalizes between atrium and ventricles.

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1
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Ventricular Systole & Atrial Diastole steps…..

A
  • atrial systole
  • qrs complex
  • Isovolumetric contraction
  • ventricular ejection
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2
Q

QRS Complex

A

Tells ventricles to start contracting

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3
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

Ventricles start contracting

Pressure increases in ventricles

AV valves force shut

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4
Q

Ventricular ejection

A

Pressure in ventricles is higher than in pulmonary trunk.

Semilunar valves open and blood is ejected.

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5
Q

Cardiac Cycle: Relaxation steps

A

-ventricular diastole
-isovolumetric contraction
Ventricular filling

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6
Q

Ventricular diastole

A

Aorta and pulmonary trunk pressure is higher than ventricle pressure

Semilunar valves close

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7
Q

Isovolumetric contraction

A

All four valves are closed

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8
Q

Ventricular filling

A

Ventricles relax and pressure drops

Blood flows back into ventricles

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9
Q

Heart gets blood though ________, while all others get blood from ________.

A

Relaxation

Contraction

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10
Q

Myogenic

A

Stimulus that tells the cardiac muscle to contract (beat).

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11
Q

Sinotrial Node

A

Increases the contraction rate of cardiac muscle cells

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12
Q

Sinus Rhythm

A

(Normal heart rate) 70-80beats/min

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13
Q

AV Node

A

Depolarises at about 50beats/min

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14
Q

Bundle of His

A

Receives signals from AV node and depolarizes at 30 bpm

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15
Q

Systole

A

Contraction of the heart

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16
Q

Diastole

A

Relaxation of the heart

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17
Q

Ectopic Pacemaker

A

Any region of spontaneous firing other than SA Node

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18
Q

Nodal Rhythm

A

AV Node produces slower heart rate

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19
Q

Bradycardia

A

40-50 beats/min

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20
Q

Pericsrdium

A

2 layers

  • outer fibrous layer
  • parietal pericardium
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21
Q

Visceral pericardium (Epicardium)

A

Innermost layer producing serous fluid

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22
Q

Serous Fluid

A

Slippery secretion that reduces friction

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23
Q

Myocardium

A

Hearts actual muscle (thickest)

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24
Endocardium
Smooth inner lining of chambers and valves
25
Right Atrium
Receives blood from Superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, & coronary sinus. Sends blood to right ventricle
26
Left Atrium
Received blood from pulmonary veins coming from the lungs. Sends blood to left ventricle
27
Right & Left Auricles
Flaps that increase atrium's volume carrying capacity.
28
Right Ventricle
Receives blood from right atrium Sends blood to lungs though the pulmonary trunk (Pulmonary Circut)
29
Left Ventricle
Receives blood from Left Atrium Sends blood throughout entire body through the Aorta (Systemic Circut)
30
Septa
Walls between chambers of the heart
31
Interstitial Septum
Wall between left & right atrium
32
Interventricular Septum
Wall between right & left ventricles
33
AV Valves
Regulate openings between atriums & ventricles - Right AV Valve (3 cusps) - Left AV Valve (2 cusps) ONLY valves with chordae tendineae
34
Semilunar Valves
Regulate flow of blood from ventricles to great arteries - Pulmonary Semilunar Valve - Aortic Semilunar Valve
35
Pulmonary Semilunar Valve
Controls openings from right ventricle to pulmonary trunk
36
Aortic Semilunar Valve
Controls opening from left ventricle to aorta
37
Anatomy of a Muscle Cell
Striated 1 centrally located nucleus Branches of intercalated discs
38
3 Features of Intercalated Discs
1. Interdigitating Folds 2. Mechanical Junction 3. Electrical Junction (Gap Junction)
39
Interdigitating Fold
Interlock between cardiac muscle cells to increase surface area
40
Mechanical Juction
Tightly holds cells together
41
Electrical Junction
Allow ions to flow from one cell to another
42
Layers (Tunics) of vessels:
1. Tunica Interna 2. Tunica Media 3. Tunica Externa
43
Tunica Interna
Endothelium that lines the lumen of vessels | simple squamous epithelium
44
Tunica Media
Middle layer of vessel consisting of smooth muscle and elastic fibers
45
Tunica Externa
Outer most layer made up of elastic & collagen fibers
46
3 Main Types of Capillaries
1. Continuous Capillaries 2. Fensestrated Capillaries 3. Sinusoids
47
Continuous Capillaries
Endothelial cells form a continuous tube. Least Leaky- only small particles allowed through Skin, skeletal/smooth muscle, CT, & lungs
48
Fenestrated Capillaries
Endothelial cells from many fenestrations (holes). Less Leaky- medium particles can go through Kidney, sm intestine, & endocrine glands
49
Sinusoids
Endothelial cells loosely attach & form large intercellular clefts. Most Leaky- Large partials allowed to go through Red bown marrow, liver, spleen & parathyroid glands
50
Filtration
Something moves from inside the blood to outside the blood. Ex) Blood Hydrostatic Pressure (BHP) & Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure (IFOP)
51
Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
Pressure places on blood from ventricular systole
52
Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure placed on blood from interstitial solutes
53
Reabsorption
Moves from outside the blood to inside the blood Ex) Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure (BCOP) & Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure (IFHP)
54
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure
Osmotic pressure places on blood from solutes in blood plasma
55
Net Filtration Pressure
Blood Hydrostatic Pressure + Interstitial Fluid Osmotic Pressure - Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure + Interstitial Fluid Hydrostatic Pressure = Net Filtration Pressure
56
Sterling a Law of Capillaries
The volume of liquid reabsorbed is always less than the volume of liquid that is filtered out.
57
How does the Lymphatic System help regulate the cardiovascular system?
Picks up remaining ECF at capillary bed that originated from blood plasma, & returns it to venous blood. Without lymphatic system the capillaries would swell up
58
Latent Period of a muscle twitch
Time it takes for Ca+ to be released from SR
59
Contraction Period of a muscle twitch
THICK AND THIN FILAMENT SLIDE PAST EACH OTHER
60
Relaxation period of a muscle twitch
Ca2+ is being actively pumped back into the SR
61
From fetal to adult: Ductus Arteriosus becomes...
Ligamentum Arteriosum
62
From fetal to adult: foramen ovale becomes...
Fossa Ovalis
63
From fetal to adult: Ductus Venosus becomes...
Ligamentum Venosum
64
From fetal to adult: umbilical Vein becomes...
Ligamentum Teres
65
From fetal to adult: Umbilical arteries become...
Medial Umbilical Ligaments
66
Autonomic Nervous System
Unconsciously regulates cardiac muscles
67
Sympathetic Nervous System
Releases - epinephrine/noraepinephrine - Antidiaretic Hormones - Aldosterone
68
Epinephrine/Noraepinephrine
Raises heart rate, blood pressure, and blood flow.
69
Antidiaretic Hormone (ADH)
Reserves water and dumps it back into the blood which raises the blood volume
70
Aldosterone
Reabsorbs salts (Na+) & dumps it back into the blood along with water. Blood volume rises
71
Parasympathetic Nervous System
Releases Acetylcholine which slows heart rate & drops blood pressure

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