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Test 3 Flashcards

0
Q

Basal cell carcinoma

A

Least malignant & most common

Stratum basale cells proliferate and invade the dermis and hypodermis

Slow growing

Surgically cured

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1
Q

Most common type of skin cancer?

A

Basal cell carcinoma

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2
Q

Melanoma

A

Cancer of melanocytes

Most dangerous bc it is highly metastatic and resistant against chemo

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4
Q

Hemoglobin

A

a red protein responsible for transporting oxygen in the blood.

Appears red where capillaries are close to the surface (ex lips)

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5
Q

Melanin

A

The amount of melanin is largely responsible for different skin colors.

Comes from genetics or light exposure

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6
Q

Carotene

A

Yellow pigment found in the stratum corneum and subcutaneous fat.

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7
Q

Abnormal skin colors

A

Cyanosis, erythema, jaundice, bronzing, pallor, albinism, hematoma.

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8
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue skin color due to decrease in O2 in the blood. (Cold weather/heart attack)

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9
Q

Erythema

A

Increased blood flow (dilated blood vessels die to exercise, sun burn, anger, embarrassment or leaky capillaries)

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10
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellowing of the skin due to high levels of bilirubin in the blood. (Malfunctioning liver)

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11
Q

Bronzing

A

Golden brown skin color due to Addison disease (decreased glucocorticoid hormone)

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12
Q

Pallor

A

Pale ashen skin color due to decreased blood flow through the skin (decreased rbc’s or hemoglobin)

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13
Q

Albinism

A

No melanin production due to genetic factors (no tyrosinase enzyme)

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14
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruise (clotted blood)

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15
Q

Epidermal wound healing

A

Tissue will repair 100%

Stratum basal cell at end of wound enlarge and cellular devision begins

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16
Q

Deep would healing

A

Bleeding occurs

Dermis layer or deeper

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17
Q

4 phases of deep wound healing

A

Inflammatory phase
Migratory phase
Proliferator phase
Maturation phase

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18
Q

Inflammatory phase

A

Blood clot forms and mast cells release histamine to allow wbc’s and plasma in

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19
Q

Migratory phase

A

Clot becomes scab and epithelial cells migrate beneath it and scar tissue forms

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20
Q

Proliferation phase

A

Continuation of migratory phase

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21
Q

Maturation phase

A

Scab falls off following restoration of epithelial tissue

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22
Q

Thick epidermis

A

Located on hands and feet

Has sweat glands but no hair follicles of oil glands

400-600um thick

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23
Q

Thin epidermis

A

Anywhere thick skin is not found

Includes hair follicles, oils glands, and sweat glands.

75-150um thick

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24
Q

Dermis

A

Deep connective tissue layer. (collagen & elastic fibers)

Mainly dense irregular ct

Contains blood vessels, nerves, sweat glands, oil glands, hair follicles, and nail roots.

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25
Hypodermis
Subcutaneous layer that binds the skin to underlying layers. NOT part of the skin layers Adipose and areolar tissue
26
2 zones of the dermis
Papillary region- (1/5th) controls temperature. contains areolar connective tissue, dermal papillae, and pain receptors. Reticular layer- (4/5th) composed of dense irregular ct and collagen that produces stretch marks
27
Cells within epidermis?
Keratinocytes langerhans melanocytes merkel cells
28
Keratinocytes
90% of all epidermal cells Synthesize keratin & help with friction and waterproofing skin
29
Langerhans
Immune surface of epidermis
30
Melanocytes
Synthesize melanin found in keratinocytes & then the melanin protects DNA in keratinocytes from damage
31
Merkel cells
Sensation of the skin Communicates with nervous tissue within the dermis
32
Cutaneous gland
Sweat glands Ex. Eccrine & apocrine
33
Eccrine sweat gland
Most numerous Produce watery perspiration to cool down the body
34
Apocrine sweat glands
Secrete thicker, more milky sweat. Smelly (arm pit ect) Don't developed until puberty
35
Sebaceous glands
Produce oily secretion called sebum. Typically in hair follicles. Holocrine glands. (Suicide)
36
Rules of Nines
Estimates the severity of burns
37
Burns are considered critical IF
- over 25% has second degree burns - over 10% has third degree burns - third degree burns on hands/face/feet
38
Partial thickness burns
1st & 2nd degree burns
39
Full thickness burn
3rd degree burn
40
1st Degree Burn
Harms only epidermis Localized redness & painful Ex. Sunburn without blisters
41
2nd Degree Burn
Epidermis and some dermis Red/tan/white blisters Ex. Sunburn with blisters
42
3rd Degree Burn
All epidermis, dermis, and possibly deeper tissue. No initial pain & usually causes dehydration.
43
Contractures
Scar tissue that prevents movement Commonly seen with people who received 3rd degree burns and need a skin graft
44
ABCD signs
Help to tell if you have Malignant Melanoma A- assymetrical B- border is irregular C- multicolored D- Diameter is large (6mm)
45
What causes goose bumps?
Sympathetic nervous system sends signals to tiny muscle on base of hairs, arrectores pilorum, to contract and pull hair erect.
46
Ceruminous glands
Make ear wax
47
Breast & Mammary glands
Breast- male and female | Mammary- produce milk
48
Thermo regulation
Regulates body temp Where swear glands are located
49
What does the epidermis provide a Resevoir for?
For blood. Skin blood vessels store about 5% of our bodies blood
50
How does epidermis provide Protection?
Acts as a chemical, physical, and mechanical barrier. Located in the dermis
51
How does epidermis work as a Sensory function?
Skin allows is to feel heat, cold, texture ect
52
Cutaneous absobtion
Absorbs some oxygen through the skin, but not enough to sustain life
53
How does epidermis synthesize Vitamin D?
UV rays penetrate blood capillaries and convert cholesterol to vitamin D Used to make matrix of bone
54
Epidermis Excretion?
Sweat
55
Osteon. What is it? What does it contain?
Basic structural unit of compact bone. Contains lamellae & central canal.
56
Lamellae
Rings of hard, calcified matrix for weight bearing
57
Interstitial Lamellae
Area between osteons, which are fragments of older osteons.
58
Squamous cell carcinoma
Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum Common on scalp, ears, lips Rapid growth Good prognosis
59
Canaliculi
Microscopic canals radiating in all directions from a lacunae
62
Lacunae
Small depression or cavity in a tissue that contains an osteon.
64
Periosteum
Tough outer layer of collagen richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, & lymphatic vessels
65
Central Canal
Canal at the center of each osteon that contains tissue
67
Perforating Canal
Tunnels containing vessels and nerves that feed into the central canals
68
Osteoblasts
Monitor stresses placed on bone. Help make and maintain bone matrix.
69
Osteoclasts
Dissolve bone
70
Osteocyte
An old osteoblast that covers itself with bone matrix and is enveloped in a lacuna. Maintain bone tissue Communicate mechanical stressed to osteoblasts
71
Osteogenic Cells
Originate from fibroblasts and begin to make new bone. Develops into an osteoblast Youngest
73
Medullary cavity
Space within diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow
74
Endosteum
Thin membrane lining the medullary cavity Contains reticular ct
75
Nutrient foramen
The hole where a blood vessel enters the bone to provide nutrients
79
Maintaining Bone Homeostasis CALCITONIN
- raising blood Ca2+ triggers release of calcitonin - calcitonin stimulates osteoblasts to deposit calcium in bone. - Ca2+ levels decrease
80
Maintaining Bone Homeostasis PARATHYROID
- Falling blood Ca2+ signal parathyroid glands to release PTH - PTH signals osteoclasts to degrade bone matrix and release Ca2+ into the blood
81
Bone fractures are classified by...
- position - completeness of break - orientation to long axis - if bone penetrates skin
82
Nondisplaced
Bone ends retain their normal position
83
Displaced
Bone ends are out of normal position
84
Stress Fracture
Breaking due to abnormal trauma Ex. Falls/sports
85
Pathologic Fracture
Breaking due to disease
86
Compete Fracture
Bone broken all the way through
87
Incomplete Fracture
Not broken all the way through
88
Linear Fracture
Parallel to long axis
89
Transverse Fracture
Perpendicular to long axis
90
Spiral Fracture
Ragged break when bone is excessively twisted
91
Depressed Fracture
Broken bone portion pressed inward Common in skull
92
Closed (simple) Fracture
Bone breaks cleanly and doesn't penetrate skin
93
Open (compound) Fracture
Broken ends of bone protrude through soft tissue/skin
94
Comminuted fractures
Bone breaks into three or more pieces
95
Greenstick fracture
One side of bone breaks and the other side bends
96
Impacted Fracture
Broken bone ends are forced into each other
97
Compression fracture
Bone is crushed
98
Epiphyseal Fracture
Epiphysis separates from diaphysis along epiphyseal line
99
Intramembranous Ossification
Bone develops from fibrous membrane Flat bones of the skull, mandible and clavicles
100
Endochondral Ossification
Bones formed by replacing hyaline cartilage
101
Intramembranous Ossification | STEP 1
Development of the center of ossification -osteogenic cells gather together and become osteoblasts which deposit bone matrix
102
Intramembranous Ossification | STEP 2
Calcification -matrix hardens
103
Intramembranous Ossification | STEP 3
Formation of trabiculae -thin plates of bone develop into trabiculae
104
Intramembranous Ossification | STEP 4
Development of periosteum -cells on the outside of the flat bone develops into the periosteum.
105
Endochondrial Ossification | STEP 1
Development of the cartilage -a cartilage model is formed via chondroblast
106
Endochondrial Ossification | STEP 2
Growth of the cartilage model -chondroblasts become Chondrocytes and continue to grow bone
107
Endochondrial Ossification | STEP 3
Development of the 1st degree ossification center -osteogenic cells form into osteoblasts
108
Endochondrial Ossification | STEP 4
Development of the 2nd degree ossification center -spongey bone developed outward
109
Endochondrial Ossification | STEP 5
Formation of the Articular cartilage and the epiphyseal plate
110
Appositional growth
Growth in thickness
111
Interstitial growth
Growth in length
112
Compact bone
Dense outer layer
113
Spongey bone
Inner soft yellow honeycomb
114
Hyaline cartilage
Provides support, flexibility, and resilience. Most abundant
115
Elastic cartilage
Allows for flexibility while maintaining shape
116
Fibrocartilage
Highly compressed with great tensile strength
117
Osteoporosis
Bone reabsorption happens faster than bone deposit Bones become fragile
119
Axial skeleton
Bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage
120
Appendicular skeleton
Upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hips
123
Long Bone Parts (6)
``` Diaphysis Epiphysis Metaphysis Epiphyseal Plate Articular Cartilage Periosteum Medullary cavity Endosteum Nutrient foramen ```
124
Diaphysis
Shaft that provides leverage
125
Epiphysis
Expanded head at each end that provides surface area for joints.
126
Metaphysis
Where the Diaphysis joins the Epiphysis
127
Epiphyseal Plate
Aka: Growth Plate - Found only in growing bone. - made up of hyaline cartilage
128
Articular Cartilage
Surface of the bone that make a joint

Anatomy (14 decks)

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