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Anatomy > Ch 3 & 4 > Flashcards

Ch 3 & 4 Flashcards

(78 cards)

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0
Q

What is the Mesoderm and what type of tissue layer does it give rise to? Examples (5)?

A

Middle layer of embryonic tissue.

Gives rise to the connective tissues & most muscle tissues.

Loose C.T.- areolar, adipose & reticular
Dense C.T.- reg., irregular, & elastic
Cartilage C.T.- hyaline, fibro, & elastic Bone- compact & spongey
Blood

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1
Q

What is the Endoderm, and what type of tissue layer does it give rise to? Location?

A

Inner layer of embryonic tissue.

Gives rise to mucus membrane

Digestive/respiratory tracts & inner lining of heart and blood vessels.

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2
Q

What is the Ectoderm and what type of tissue layer does it give rise to?

A

The outer layer of embryonic tissue.

Gives rise to the epidermis and nervous system.

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3
Q

Basement Membrane

Basal surface

A

Adheres epithelium to underlying extra cellular materials via hemidesmosomes

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4
Q

What is the function of a Gland?

A

Secretes substances, composed primarily of epithelial tissue.

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5
Q

Endocrine Gland

Examples

A

Secrete HORMONES directly into the blood. Does not come in contact with a surface (doesn’t have a duct)

Pancreas gland, pituitary, & thyroid

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6
Q

Exocrine glands

Examples

A

More numerous than endocrine glands, and have contact with a surface via duct (tube of epithelial tissue).

Pancreatic enzymes, sweat gland, & tear glands.

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7
Q

What are the two structural classifications of glands? Define.

A

Unicellular- single cell that secretes mucus directly into the surface of an epithelial lining.

Multicellular- many cells that form a microscopic structure. Most common. Ex. Pituitary, Thyroid, sweat, & mammary.

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8
Q

Merocrine glands

Eccrine gland

A

Vesicles filled with secretions are released via exocytosis. (Ex. Tear/sweat) Most common.

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9
Q

Apocrine glands

A

Accumulate secretory product at the surface and then pinch off that portion of the cell to release. (Ex. Mammary)

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10
Q

Holocrine glands

A

Accumulate the secretion until they are full, the the entire cell disintegrates.
(Ex. Oil glands)

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11
Q

Gap Juntion

A

Connects cytoplasm of 2 cells & allows molecules and ions to pass through.

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12
Q

Tight Junction

A

Holds things INSIDE (zip-lock bag)

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13
Q

Adherons junction

A

Holds things TOGETHER (zipper)

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14
Q

Collagen fibers

A

Tough; provides high tensile strength

Ex. Tendons, ligaments, dermis of skin

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15
Q

Elastic fibers

A

Long, thin fibers that allow stretch

Ex. Arteries, lungs, skin

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16
Q

Reticular fibers

A

Branched collagenous fibers that form a strong yet flexible frame for some organs.

Ex. Spleen & Lymph Nodes

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17
Q

Fibroblast

A

Give rise to loose and dense CT

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18
Q

Chondroblast (Chondrocyte)

A

Give ride to cartilages

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19
Q

Osteoblast (Osteocyte)

A

Give rise to bone

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20
Q

Hematopoietic stem cells

Examples

A

Give rise to blood

Erythrocytes- red blood cells
Leukocytes- white blood cells
Thrombocytes- platelets

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21
Q

Codons

A

mRNA

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22
Q

Anticodon

A

tRNA

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23
Q

Where do you get the Amino Acids from on the chart??

A

mRNA

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24
Microphages
Eat and destroy bacteria and clean up dead cells of the body.
25
Plasma cells
Produce antibodies (markers for immune system)
26
Mast Cells
Secrete heparin to prevent blood clotting & histamine to increase blood flow
27
Adipocytes (fat cells)
Store triglycerides (fats) for energy. Many in one area is called adipose tissue.
28
Transcription
DNA ---> mRNA takes place in the nucleus
29
Translation
mRNA ---> protein Takes place outside the nucleus
30
Transcription | Step 1
At the promoter region of DNA, RNA polymerase is "told" where to start transcription of pre-mRNA.
31
Transcription | Step 2
RNA polymerase continues transcribing until reaching the terminator region of DNA. (Pre-mRNA is complete)
32
Transcription | Step 3
Spliceosomes remove introns from pre-mRNA & spice the exons together. (mRNA is complete)
33
Translation | Step 1
mRNA, tRNA (with attached A.A. Meth), and ribosomes create a complex.
34
Translation | Step 2
Large subunit of ribosomes binds to the complex, placing tRNA in P-site (Enter).
35
Translation | Step 3
Condon-Amticodon base pairing forms at empty A-site.
36
Mutations
Any change in the sequence of bases in a DNA molecule resulting in a permanent alteration.
37
Translation/Transcription mistakes
Any change in the sequence of bases in a RNA molecule. NOT inheritable trait.
38
Shifted Code Error
Nucleotide ("A") is deleted
39
3rd Nucleotide is Subsituted
3rd nucleotide is each pair is subsituted for a different letter
40
Amino acid with different properties is substituted
GAG---> GUG
41
Are all Errors Equally Damaging?
Shifted- no damage 3rd Base Paring- no damage Similar properties- sometimes Different properties- damaging
42
Translation | Step 4
A.A from tRNA in P-site creates a peptide bond with A.A on tRNA at A-site.
43
Translation | Step 5
"Spent"tRNA leaves P-site as ribosomes shifts 1 codon to the right. Thus, tRNA in P-site leaves as tRNA from A-site enters the now open P-site.
44
Translation | Step 6
Cycle continues until "STOP" codon
45
Passive Processes
No energy required
46
Active Process
Either directly or indirectly uses up ATP
47
Diffusion
Moves from high concentration to low concentration.
48
Simple Diffusion
Spreads through vibration | Ex. perfume in a room
49
Facilitated Diffusion
Only allows certain things through.
50
Osmosis
Water goes from high concentration to low concentration through a semipermeable membrane.
51
Sodium/Potassium Pump
Takes two K+ inside cell, & three Na+ out of cell.
52
Isotonic Solution
H2O moves in and out of cell simultaneously.
53
Hypotonic Solution
More H2O inside cell (SWELLS)
54
Hypertonic Solution.
Less H2O inside cell (SHRIVELS) H2O wants to escape protien
55
Cutaneous Membrane
Skin
56
Mucous Membrane | Examples (4)
Lines body cavities open to the exterior and contain goblet cells to secrete mucus. Mucosa of Nasal cavity Mucosa of Mouth Mucosa of lung bronchi Esophagus lining
57
Synovial Membranes
Produces synovial fluid which acts as a lubricant on joints.
58
Plasma Membrane
Cell's skin Made up of mostly phospholipids Glycolipids (give cell it's shape)
59
Mitochondria
Generates ATP through reactions of aerobic cellular respiration. (Energy factory)
60
Smooth ER
Synthesizes lipids and steroids Detoxifies drugs
61
Rough ER
Synthesizes proteins and phospholipids Rough because it is covered in ribosomes
62
Ribosomes
Proteins pounded together Found in cytoplasm
63
Golgi Complex
Finishing & Shipping department Transports protiens
64
Vesicles | Examples (3)
Spheres of plasma membrane Lysosomes Peroxisomes Secretory vesicles
65
Nucleolus
Where ribosomes are made
66
Nucleus
Contains DNA of cell
67
Centrosome
Makes cilia & flagella (tail on sperm)
68
What are the 3 Germ layers from top to bottom?
Ectoderm Mesoderm Endoderm
69
tRNA | Where & why is it important?
Nucleus Brings AA to mRNA so it can pair up
70
mRNA
Nucleus Tells AA how to align to make specific proteins
71
Introns
Sections of unimportant mRNA that are cut out and thrown away
72
Exons
Important sections that are bonded together to make finished mRNA product
73
Replication
The "S" phase of interphase Makes actual DNA, unlike translation & transcription which only makes photo copy (RNA)
74
Secondary Active Transport
Directly uses ATP
75
RMP
Resting Membrane Potential Cells is at rest and stays slightly neg.
76
AP
Action Potential The cells becomes slightly positive
77
ECF/ICF
Extra cellular fluid- outside cell Intracellular fluid- outside cell

Anatomy (14 decks)

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