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Test 4 Flashcards

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0
Q

Functions of Nervous System (3)

A

Sensory Input
Integration
Motor output

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1
Q

Nervous System

A

Master control & communicating system of the body

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2
Q

Sensory Input

A

Monitoring stimuli

Hand on a hot stove

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3
Q

Integration

A

Interpretation of sensory input

Brain & spinal chord send motor neuron to hand

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4
Q

Motor Output

A

Tells muscles to take hand off stove

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5
Q

Central nervous system (CNS)

A

Brain & Spinal chord

Integration & command center

Can’t repair itself

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6
Q

Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)

A

Paired spinal & cranial nerves

Carries messages to and from the spinal chord & brain.

Can repair itself

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7
Q

2 Divisions of the Peripheral Nervous System

A
  1. Sensory Afferent Division

2. Motor Efferent Division

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8
Q

What are the 2 Sensory Afferent Divisions?

A

Sensory Afferent Fibers &

Visceral Afferent Fibers

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9
Q

Sensory Afferent Fibers

A

carry impulses from skin, skeletal muscles, & joints to the brain.

Ex) can tell penny from quarter using only fingers

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10
Q

Visceral Afferent Fibers

A

Transmit impulses from visceral organs to the brain.

Ex) explosive stomach ache pains

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11
Q

Motor Efferent Division

A

Transmits impulses from the CNS to efferent organs

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12
Q

Two Main Parts of Motor Efferent Division

A

Somatic Nervous System &

Autonomic Nervous System

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13
Q

Somatic Nervous System

A

Conscious control of skeletal muscles

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14
Q

Autonomic Nervous System

A

Unconsciously regulates smooth muscle, cardiac muscle, and glands.

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15
Q

Two Devisions of Autonomic Nervous System

A

Sympathetic & Parasympathetic

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16
Q

Sympathetic

A

Flight or Fight

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17
Q

Parasympathetic

A

Rest & Digest

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18
Q

Neuron (Nerve Cell)

A

Excitable cells that transmit electrical signals

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20
Q

Neuroglia

A

Insulate neurons of CNS by creating myelin sheath

Promote health & growth

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21
Q

Schwann Cells

A

Insulates neurons of PNS by creating myelin sheath

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22
Q

Structures of a Nerve Cell

A

Body (soma), axon, & dendrites

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23
Q

Dendrites

A

Gather info and send Action Potentials to cell body

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24
Q

Body (soma)

A

Determines if the info collected by dendrites is important or not.

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25
Axon
If the info is important an electrical impulse is sent down the axon into neurotransmitters.
26
Axonal terminal
Branched terminus of axon
27
Processes
Arm like extension from cell body Ex) dendrites & axons
28
Anterograde
Movement of neurotransmitters towards axonal terminal
29
Retrograde
Movement of neurotransmitters away from axonal terminals
30
Myelin Sheath
White, fatty sheath around most long axons. Protects axon & increases speed of nerve impulses.
31
Neurolemma
Formed by remaining nucleus & cytoplasm of old Schwann Cell Surrounds axon with plasma membrane
32
Structure of Myelin Sheath & Neurolemma
Neurilemma- outer layer | Myelin- 100's of layers around Axon
33
Nodes of Ranvier
- Gaps in myelin sheath between adjacent Schwanns cell - allows nutrients and waste to enter and exit the neuron. - allows the nerve impulses to move along the neuron by de-polarisation and re-polarisation
34
Pain cells don't have myelin sheath which causes
Them to transmit to the brain slower
35
Skeletal muscle
Consciously controlled Striations Responsible for motion
36
Cardiac muscle
Involuntary movement Striations Contracts at steady rate
37
Smooth muscle
Involuntary No striations Spindle shaped fibers Lines walls of hollow organs except heart
38
Multiunit smooth muscle
Muscle fibers function alas individual myocytes
39
Single-unit smooth muscle
Individual myocytes are coupled together via gap junction
40
Oligodendrocytes
Branched cells that insulate CNS
42
Shape of skeletal & Smooth muscle cells
Elongated called muscle fibers
43
Sarcolemma
Muscle plasma membrane
44
Sarcoplasm
Cytoplasm of a muscle cell
45
Functions of Muscles
``` Movement Stability (tone of muscle) Storing/moving substances Heat production (85% of body heat) Communication (writing/speech) ```
46
Properties of Muscle Tissue
``` Responsiveness Contractility Extensibility Elasticity Conductivity ```
47
Responsiveness
Stimulates muscle cell will respond with electrical change across membrane
48
Contractility
Muscle fibers ability to shorten when stimulated
49
Extensibility
Muscle cell ability to stretch
50
Conductivity
Muscle cell ability to spread electrical change along entire muscle cell
51
Structures of Skeletal Muscles
``` Muscle fiber Endomysium Fascicle Perimysium Epimysium ```
53
Muscle Fiber
Skeletal Muscle cell
54
Fascicles
Group of muscle fibers surrounded by perimysium
55
Perimysium
Separates fascicles Thicker CT than endinysium
56
Epimysium
Surrounds entire skeletal muscle
57
Direct attachment (fleshy attachment)
No visible tendon
58
Indirect attachment
Fuse together to create tendon
59
Fascia
CT sheet that covers muscles to hold them in place Not as tough or thick
60
Aponeurosis
Broad sheet-like tendon Ex) on top of head
61
Retinaculum
Band of CT found in wrist & ankle
62
Origin or Head (O)
Muscle attaches to stationary bone Less movable
63
Intention (I)
Muscle attaches to movable bone More movable
64
Belly
Mid region of bone
65
Muscle action
Movement it produces
66
Prime Mover (Agonist)
Main muscle of a movement Do primary work
67
Synergist
Muscles that aid prime mover
68
Antagonist
Opposes prime mover to slow movement down
69
Fixate
Holds bone in place
70
Sarcoplasm
The cytoplasm of a muscle fiber
71
Myofibrils
Long, densely packed, protein bundles within the sarcoplasm Contains thick and thin filaments
72
Sarcoplasmic reticulum
Smooth ER of muscle cell Forms a mesh around each microfibril
73
Terminal Cisternae
- Where the SR connects to larger SR - Enlarged areas of sarcoplasmic reticulum surrounding the transverse tubules. - store calcium and release it when an action potential courses down the transverse tubules.
74
Myoglobin
Muscle pigment that binds and stores O2, which is used to create ATP
75
Triad
Ca2+ goes from high to low concentration
76
Sarcomere
Smallest unit of muscle cell Between two z-discs Made up of myofilaments
77
Thick filament
Made up of myosin Golf club shaped projections that grab onto thin filaments
78
Thin Filaments
Made up of Actin Connected to z-disc
79
Elastic filament
Hold thick filament in place Keeps muscle from over stretching
80
Actin protein
Tropomyosin & Troponin
81
Contractile proteins
Actin & myosin. (Do work)
82
Regulatory protiens
Tropomyosin & troponin (tells actin and myosin when to work)
83
Structural protiens
Provide alignment, stability, & elasticity
84
A-Band
Thick filament Dark band found on striated muscle
85
I-Band
Absence of thick filament
86
H-Zone
No thin filament
87
Z-Disc
Coin-shaped sheet of proteins that anchors the this filaments
88
One Sarcomere
Z-disc to Z-disc
89
Neuromuscular Junction
Tells muscles to contract Cannot contract without calcium
90
When nerve impulse reaches the end of an axon at the Neuromuscular Junction....
Sodium Na+ goes through channel into axon & raises action potential. Action potential travels through tunnel of sarcolemma. Depolarization occurs and sarcolemma becomes less neg.
91
Synaptic Cleft
Space between end of an axon & muscle fibers
92
Action Potential
A transient depolarization event that includes polarity reversal of sarcolemma.
93
Depolarization
Change in cells membrane potential to positive or more positive
94
Endomysium
Surrounds individual muscle cells
95
Repolarization
Change in membrane potential that returns the membrane potential to neg after depolarization
98
Metabolic pathways
Series of chemical reactions occurring within a cell
99
Motor Unit
Motor neuron and all the muscle fibers it supplies
100
Small Motor Unit
10 muscle cells connected to one nerve cell Give precision (eyes/fingers)
101
Large Motor Unit
100+ muscle cells connected to one nerve cell Gives strength (arms/legs)
102
Motor Unit Recruitment
The more motor units that contract, the stronger the contraction
103
Factors that increase muscle strength:
- Amount of motor units - temporal summation - muscle size - arrangement pinnate>parallel - motor unit size - length/tension relationship - fatigued
104
Phases if a muscle twitch
Latent period Contraction period Relaxation period
105
Latent period
Time it takes for Ca+ to be released from the SR
106
Contraction Period
Thick and thin filaments slide past each other Muscle is completely flexed
107
Relaxation Period
Ca2+ is being actively pumped back into the SR
108
Twitch
Single brief stimulus causing a quick cycle of contraction and relaxation
109
Treppe
Muscles relax fully between stimuli, but each twitch becomes stronger. Ca+ and heat increases
110
Wave Summation
Muscle does not fully relax between each stimuli. Tension builds bc Ca+ is not fully pumped back into SR
111
Infused Tetanus
Same as Wave Summation, except there in an increases stimulation rate
112
Complete tetanus
Stimulation rate increases so much that the muscle has no time to relax. Forms a smooth long protraction.
113
Muscle tone
Constant, slightly contracted state of all muscles. Keeps muscles firm and healthy
114
Slow Twitch Fibers
Contract slow & fatigue slow Used for high endurance (marathon runners)
115
Fast Twitch Fibers
Contract fast & fatigue fast Larger than slow twitch & produce twitches. Sprinters
116
Creatine Phosphate (CP)
Immediate Energy Creatine kinase transfers a phosphate from ATP to creatine phosphate
117
Anaerobic Cellular Respiration
Short term energy Depletion of CP allows body to shift into anaerobic fermentation
118
Aerobic Cellular Respiration
Long term energy (storage) Krebs- aerobic respiration
119
Oxygen debt
The extra amount of O2 needed for the above restorative processes
120
Length Tebsion Relationships
Optimal Length Understretched Overstretched
121
Optimal Length
All myosin heads have access to actin myosin building sites
122
Understretched
Active insufficiency Z-disc gets to close to m-line
123
Overstretched
Passive insufficiency Z-disc gets too far m-line
124
Aerobic exercise increases:
Muscle Capillaries Number of Mitochondria Myoglobin Synthesis
125
Resistance exercise results in:
Muscle Hypertrophy | Increased mitochondria, myofilaments, & glycogen
126
Concentric contractions
Muscle shortens with contraction & tension increases
127
Eccentric contractions
Muscle lengthens with contraction & tension increases
128
Atrophy
Muscle degenerates as a result of not using it or spinal problem
129
Hypertrophy
Increase in the size or number of muscle cells (myocytes)
130
Action Potential Scan
Na+ channel opens Na+ channel closes-action potential K+ channels open
131
Isometric Contraction
Increasing muscle tension | Muscle length doesn't change
132
Isotonic Contraction
Muscle length changes | Shortens/lengthens
133
Oligodendrites
Branched cells that wrap CNS nerve fibers

Anatomy (14 decks)

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