Cardiovascular System

Question 1

What are the compensatory mechanisms that help to maintain cardiac function?

Answer 1

Cardiac dilatation 
Myocardial hypertrophy 
Increase HR
Increase PR 
Redistribution of blood flow

Question 2

Which of the following processes are irreversible ?

Fatty degeneration 
Lipofuscinosis 
Vacuolar degeneration 
Neoplasia 
Myoctytolysis 
Fatty infiltration

Answer 2

Lipofuscinosis

Neoplasia

Question 3

What are the 3 alterations of blood flow in the fetal circulation?

Answer 3

Foramen ovale

Ductus arteriosus

Ductus venosus

Question 4

Serous atrophy results from

Answer 4

Starvation

Question 5

Acute onset of cardiac failure curing collapse and unconsciousness ?

Answer 5

Cardiac syncope

Question 6

What develops slowly from gradual loss of cardiac output due to pressure or volume overload or myocardial injury?

Answer 6

Congestive heart failure

Question 7

Brisket edema is a common sign of?

Answer 7

Right sided heart fialure

-> increased hydrostatic pressure leads to edema

Question 8

What should the ventricular to atrial ratio be?

Answer 8

3:1

Question 9

What do you call a blood filled cyst on the mitral valve? Is it significant?

Answer 9

Valvular hematocyst

Usually not associated with any clinical signs

Question 10

What is tetralogy of fallout?

Answer 10

4 abnormalities

• narrowing of pulmonary valve
• thickening of the right ventricle
• displacement of aorta over ventricular septal defect
• ventricular septal defect

Question 11

Tetralogy of fallout is inherited in what dog breeds?

Answer 11

Keeshonds

English bulldogs

Question 12

And pulmonic stenosis will lead to ?

Answer 12

Right ventricular hypertrophy (compensatory)

Question 13

What is the most commonly encountered cardiac anomalies in dog?

Answer 13

Aortic stenosis (subvalvular)

• fibrous band deposited under the aortic valve –> leads to compensatory hypertrophy of the left ventricle ad post-Stenio dilation of the aorta

Question 14

What is the most common valvular abnormality in cats?

Answer 14

Tricuspid dysplasia

-not compatible with life

Question 15

What defect is present when there is communication between the right and left ventricles

Answer 15

Ventricular septal defect

Question 16

What is a “jet lesion” ?

Answer 16

Endocardial fibrosis within the right ventricular free wall due to the forceful blood flow through a ventricular septal defect

Question 17

T/F: apparent ductus arteriosus has been reported in all species?

Answer 17

True

Question 18

What is the sequel of patent ductus arteriosus?

Answer 18

Movement of blood from aorta to pulmonary artery -> back up of blood in right side of heart –> right sided heart failure

Question 19

Dysphagia and megaesophagus results from what congenital abnormality

Answer 19

Persistent right aortic arch (PRAA)

Question 20

What breeds of dogs are predisposed to PRAA

Answer 20

German shepherds
Irish setters
Great Danes

Question 21

In an old dog, hemopericardium often results due to ?

Answer 21

Rupture of a hemangiosarcoma

Question 22

Pericardial effusion in a pig. What disease is this?

Answer 22

Mulberry heart disease

VitE/selenium deficiency

-> mottled and pale appearance of heart, fluid is cloudy

Question 23

A fibrinous pericarditis in a calf is due to?

Answer 23

Clostridium chaouvei

“Black leg”

Question 24

A fibrinous pericarditis is a. Pig is due to?

Answer 24

Hemophilus parasuis

Glassers disease

Question 25

Hardware disease can lead to a chronic pericarditis and build up of fibrin and fluid which causes???

Answer 25

Cardiac tamponade

Question 26

What disease can occur secondary to excessive vitamin D or calcinogenic plants?

Answer 26

Endocardial mineralization

Question 27

What is an age related change in middle-aged to old dogs characterized by degeneration of valvular collagen

Answer 27

Valvular endocardosis

Question 28

What breed of dog Hal's 100% prevalence of valvular endocardosis by age 10?

Answer 28

Calvalier kind Charles spaniels

Question 29

Degeneration of valvular collagen Normal appearing valves but shortening of the leaflets and development of nodules What is this?

Answer 29

Valvular endocardosis (valvular fibrosis, myxomatosis or mucous valvular degeneration )

Question 30

What jet lesion is associated with valvular endocardosis ?

Answer 30

Fibro-elastosis within the atrium

Question 31

What is the pathogenesis of endocarditis?

Answer 31

Often due to bacterial infection -> endothelial injury, blood turbulence, and hypercoaguablity Death from valve dysfunction

Question 32

Chronic lesions of endocarditis appear wart-like and are often referred to as ???

Answer 32

Vegetative or verrucous

Question 33

In a pig. | Bacterial cause of valvular endocarditis

Answer 33

Erysipelas

Question 34

What lesion in the heart can be a secondary lesions to renal failure and uremia

Answer 34

Chronic ulcerative mural endocarditis -> white plaques of fibrous and mineralized tissue

Question 35

Parasite of the pulmonary arteries and right ventricle in dog

Answer 35

Dirofilaria immitis (heartworm) May lead to CHF resulting in endocarditis, endarteritis, and pulmonary thrombosis

Question 36

Vitamin E-selenium deficiency results in what heart lesion in pigs?

Answer 36

Mulberry heart disease | Degeneration and necrosis

Question 37

White muscle disease in horse can be due to what toxicity in horse?

Answer 37

Ionophore (monensin) toxicity

Question 38

White paint brush appearance of endocardium in lamb EDx

Answer 38

Nutritional myopathy | -> vitE deficiency

Question 39

Most common primary cardiomyopathy in cats

Answer 39

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 40

Most common primary cardiomyopathy in dogs

Answer 40

Dilated cardiomyopathy -esp in young to middle aged dogs of giant for large breeds

Question 41

Heart that is rounded and enlarged, walls of the ventricles are very thin. MDx

Answer 41

Dilated cardiomyopathy

Question 42

What endocrine disorder in cats is associated with hypertrophic cardiomyopathy?

Answer 42

Hyperthyroid

Question 43

Histo of cat heart Cardiomyocytes have variable hypertrophy and are arranged in a interweaving pattern rather than parallel Disease

Answer 43

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

Question 44

Is myocarditis a primary or secondary cardiomyopathy?

Answer 44

Secondary -due to hematogenous infection of virus bacteria, or parasite

Question 45

Histophilus somni causes what lesions in the heart?

Answer 45

Acute necrotizing and supperative myocarditis

Question 46

What is the cause of black leg in cattle?

Answer 46

Clostridum chauvoei

Question 47

What is cysticercosis?

Answer 47

Infestation of larval taenia (tapeworm) **zoonotic** -> muscle of intermediate hosts

Question 48

What are the primary cardiac neoplasias?

Answer 48

``` Rhabdomyoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Schwanomma Hemangiosarcoma Heart base tumor (chemodectoma) ```

Question 49

What is a chemodectoma?

Answer 49

Heart base tumor | -arises from aortic body (chemoreceptor)

Question 50

A common metastatic tumor in the heart of bovines

Answer 50

Lymphosarcoma

Question 51

What bacteria causes arteritis in pigs and leads to multiple cutaneous infarcts

Answer 51

Erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae Diamond skin disease

Question 52

What is "beagle pain syndrome" ?

Answer 52

An idiopathic necrotizing polyartertitis

Question 53

What are causes of a fibrinoid necrotizing arteritis in swine?

Answer 53

Vit E/selenium deficiency "mulberry heart" Ecoli -verotoxin "edema disease" -> endothelial injury

Question 54

What is a thickening and loss of elasticity of arterial walls due to plaques of cholesterol or other lipids?

Answer 54

Atherosclerosis

Question 55

Atherosclerosis is associated with what endocrine disorder

Answer 55

Hypothyroid

Question 56

Medial calcification causes a thickening and loss of arterial elasticity which is called?

Answer 56

Arteriosclerosis

Question 57

What is a common cause of arterial mineralization in moo cows?

Answer 57

Johne's diseaase

Question 58

What predisposed mares to uterine artery rupture during parturition?

Answer 58

Low serum copper levels

Question 59

What common infection of horses can lead to internal carotid artery in horses?

Answer 59

Guttural pouch myosis (mycotic vasculitis)

Question 60

__________________ are reported in the coronary and renal arteries of young male racing greyhounds and can lead to fatal arterial rupture. Also associated copper deficiency in pigs.

Answer 60

Dissecting aneurysm

Question 61

A patient with a protein losing nephropathy will be hyper or hypo- coagulable ?

Answer 61

Hypercoaguable -> loss of antithrombin III Can lead to thrombosis

Question 62

What nematode is associated with verminous arteritis in the cranial mesenteric artery of the horse?

Answer 62

Strongylus vulgaris > migrants from the colonic lumen