CNS Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
The thalamus and hypothalamus make up the ________
A
Diencephalon
2
Q
The midbrain with the pens, medulla, cerebellum, and medulla oblongata is AKA
A
Mesencephalon
3
Q
In a PM exam, the Brian should be immersed in formalin for ____days
A
5-7
4
Q
What cells make up the BBB
A
Astrocytes and endothelial cells
5
Q
What are the neuroglial cells?
A
Macrolia - astrocytes and oligodendrocytes
Microglial
Ependymal
6
Q
What cells provide support and the myelin sheath to the axons within the CNS
A
Oligodendrocytes
Can provide myelin for several axons at once
7
Q
What is the function of microglia?
A
Immunosurveillance
Immunoregulation
Reparative (phagocytic)
8
Q
_________ cells are microglial cells that are globular and swollen after having phagocytozed debris from injured cells
A
Glitter
9
Q
What do you call the breakdown of cytoplasmic Nissil bodies
A
Chromatolysis
Indicates neuronal cell injury
10
Q
What are nissil bodies?
A
Aggregates of RER and free polyribosomes
11
Q
Neurons are shrunken and exhibit cytoplasmic eosinophilia, nuclear pyknosis, or karyolysis. These changes are due to?
A
Ischemic cell change
12
Q
Histopathology shows an accumulation of glial cells around a shrunken neuron. What is this?
A
Satellitosis/Neuronophagia
Microglial cells are phagocytic–> advanced degeneration
13
Q
Vacuolation within the neuropile?
A
Spongiform change
14
Q
Hepatic encephalopathy can cause what change in the brain
A
Status spongiosus (spongiform change)
15
Q
Accumulation of glial cells around a blood vessels is called?
A
Perivascular cuffing
16
Q
Reactive astrocytes AKA ?
A
Gemistocytic
17
Q
In the brain of a dog you see spongiosis, perivascular cuffing, and inclusion bodies within the astrocytes. What disease is this due to?
A
Canine distemper
18
Q
What is Wallerian type degeneration
A
Due to sectioning of the axon. Degeneration distal to site of injury. Will cause muscle atrophy
Can regenerate in many cases
19
Q
Toxins and viruses can cause demyelination damage. What is the main consequence
A
Slow nerve conduction
No muscle atrophy
20
Q
If the neuronal cell is injured, what kind of degeneration will occur?
A
Axonal degeneration
No maintenance of axon health
Muscle atrophy
21
Q
Teratogens, with the exception of viruses, act mainly during the __________ of pregnancy
A
First 1/3 (during organogenesis)
22
Q
Proencephalic hypoplasia is AKA
A
Microencephaly
23
Q
Microencephaly can result due to ________ infection in calves and ________ infection in swine
A
BVD; classical swine fever
Both pestiviruses
24
Q
An increase in CSF is called
A
Hydrocephalus
25
What is the difference between compensatory and obstructive hydrocephalus?
Compensatory-> CSF increase to take up space where parenchyma has been destroyed
Obstructive-> aqueductal atresia or stenosis (mesencephalic aqueduct)
26
Common manifestations of hydrocephalus in puppies?
```
Depression
Dementia
Seizures
Blindness
Exopthalmos
Ventrolateral strabismus
```
27
Porencephaly
| What dis/
Formation of small fluid filled cavities in the brain
28
Hydranencephaly
| What dis
Formation of large fluid filled cavities i the brain
29
Hydranencephaly and porencephaly usually occur in utero with cavitations resulting form ??
Destruction of immature neuroblasts
Vascular injury
30
How are hydrancephaly and porencephaly different from hydrocephalus?
Hydranencephaly/porencephaly => CSF accumulates in lateral ventricles and cavities parenchyma, no malformation of the cranium
Hydrocephalus => accumulation in the ventricles or arachnoid space causing malformation of the cranium
31
In utero infection of cats by ______________ can cause cerebellum hypoplasia
Feline panlukopenia virus
32
Baby kitten mitten..
Symmetric ataxia
Hypermetric base-wide gate
Truncal ataxia
Intention tremor
Cerebellar hypoplasia
33
What do you call defective closure of the bony encasement of the spinal cord?
Spina bifida
34
T/F: most lysosomal disease are progressive and genetically determined
True
Few can be acquired through neurotoxic substances that inhibit specific lysosomal activities
35
Histopathology
Enlarged, vacuolated, foamy cytoplasm around the neuron
This is typical of what diseases?
Lysosomal storage disease
```
Eg
Gangliosidosis
Globoid cell leukodystophy
A and B mannosidosis
Mucopolysaccharidosis
Ceroid- lipofuscinosis
Niemann -pick disease
```
36
What gross change in the brain of a sheep is caused by ceroid lipofuscinosis ?
Cerebrocortical atrophy
37
Cow that was born normally develops the following neurological signs
Ataxia
Lateral recumbancy
Visually deficient
PM - enlarged cerebellum
Histo- small vacuoles in cytoplasm around perkinje cells
Mannosidosis
38
Ingestion of __________ can cause an acquired form of mannosidosis
Locoweeds
--> contain potent inhibitors of alpha-mannosidase
39
What is the significance of cerebral edema ?
Life threatening
| Increased ICP -> compression ischemia (hypoxia), edema, and necrosis
40
```
PM of brain
Wet, soggy
Swollen
Flatten gyri
Soft
```
Cerebral edema
41
Cerebellar coning in the cat can result due to?
Cerebellar edema
42
What is coup and counter coups lesions, with regards to brain injury?
Coup - Initial impact
Countercoup- when brain strikes the inside of the skull
43
What lesion can be see in horses that fall backwards
Basilar fracture
44
Neurofibrillary tangles are a common finding in dementia but can also be a result of?
Chronic traumatic encephalopathy (boxers encephalopathy)
They are fibrillation intracytoplasmic inclusion in neurons ->swelling of neurons
45
What are locations of hemorrhage int he brain?
Extradermal hematoma
Subdural
Subarachnoid
Parenchyma (white or grey matter)
46
Extradermal hematoma are due to rupture of the ___________ artery
Meningial
47
What are causes of polioencephalomalacia?
```
Thiamine deficiency
Sulfur toxicity (high concentration in water or accumulation in plants)
Salt poisoning/water deprivation
```
48
What do you call a marked dorsal extension of the head and neck accompanied by rigid extension of the limbs?
Opisthotonus
Due to thiamine-responsive qpolioencephalomalacia
49
Lamb PM
| Yellowish discorlouration in the cerebral cortex close to the longitudinal fissure
Polioencephalomalacia
50
What disease is associated with autofluorescence under UV light
Polioencephalomalacia due to thiamine deficiency
51
It's winter time on the pig farm..
all the pigs are quiet.. something is wrong..
PM cerebral cortex
- spongiform change
- shrunken neurons with eosinophilic cytoplasm and dark pyknotic nuclei
- prominent blood vessels with perivascular eosinophilic infiltration
Salt poisoning/ water deprivation
52
T/F: thiamine deficiency is reported in cat, dog, and wild carnivores
Truths - called chastek paralysis
Diets containing fish have high thiaminase levels which destroys thiamine
Cooked meats are also thiamine deficient
53
Lesions due to Chasteks paralysis are localized where?
Brain stem and hippocampus
> hemorrhage and necrosis of caudal canaliculi
Unlike in rumaints that is on the cerebral cortex
54
What toxin primarily will effect the basal ganglion producing endothelial damage, ischemic necrosis, gliosis, and cavitation?
Clostridum perfringens type D - Epsilon toxin
55
Corn can be contaminated by _______________ fungus which will cause CNS lesions leading to ataxia, dementia, and head pressing.
Fusarium verticilloides and/or Fusarum proliferatum (Fumonisin B1)
56
What is the MDx associated with moldy corn toxicity?
Leukoencephalomalacia
57
Yellow star thistle can cause what disease in horse?
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia (chewing disease)
Dysfunction of muscles of mastication and deglutination (CN V, VII, and XII)
glutathione depletion --> oxidative damage and mitochondrial dysfunction and neuronal cell death
58
Horse
Idle drowsiness
Unable to grasp food or drink water
Purposeless chewing motion
PM shows bilateral liquefactive necrosis in the globes pallidus
Nigropallidal encephalomalacia
Yellow star thistle
Knapweed
59
A suppurative meningitis is would have what etilogy
Bacterial infeciton
60
In a pig..
Supperative meningitis
With hyperemia
Cellular debris accumulation in the ventricles and choroid plexus
MDx and EDX?
Meningitis-encephalitis and ependymitits
Streptococcus suis
61
Feedlot cattle
Fibrinolysis-suppurative, hemorrhagic and necrotizing meningoencephalitis
EDX?
```
Histophilus somni
Thrombotic meningioencephalitis (TME)
```
62
You feed your sheep and cattle some new silage..
They develop circling, head tilt, facial paralysis, drooling saliva, and death
EDX?
Listeriosis (Circling disease)
Ingestion -> retrograde travel to brainstem via trigeminal nerve
63
What lesion location is characteristic of listeria monocytogenes?
Medullary abscess - cow
Medulla oblongata - sheep
64
What virus of equine can induce a encephalomyeltitis
Togaviruses
EEEV.
WEEV
VEEV
West Nile virus
Equine herpes virus
65
Horse with ..
Ataxia
Paresis
Paralysis (bladder paralysis is common)
Vasculitis -> thrombosis and infarction
Herpesvirus
66
Bovine necrotizing meningioencephalitis is caused by _________ and bovine meninoencephalomyelitis is caused by ________
BHV5; BHV1 (bovine rhinotracheitis)
67
What inclusion bodies can be found in a rabies infected animal?
Negri bodies
68
In dogs if humoral response in inadequate, what virus will spread hematogenously to the brain and choroid plexus infecting astrocytes and microglia?
Canine distemper virus
-paramyxovirus
Also see respiratory, conjunctival urinary tract infections, enamel hypoplasia and hyperkeratosis
69
In a canine distemper infection, what will you see histologically?
White matter vacuolation (intramyelinic edema)
Demyelination
Spongiform change
Perivascular cuffing
Intracytoplasmic and intranuclear inclusion bodies
70
What form of FIP can result in leptomeningitis, chrorioependymitis, focal encephalmyelitis, and opthtalmitits
Non-effusive (dry) form
71
What causes a neurological disease in young kids and causes arthritis/bursitis in adult goats?
Caprine arthritis encephalitis (CAE) syndrome
72
Where are the lesions in kids infected with CAE?
Mainly in caudal brain stem and spinal cord - demyelination encephalomyelitis
73
What is the most common disease associated with multifocal or asymmetric neurological deficits in horse?
Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) -> sarcocystis neurona
-sudden/gradual onset of pelvic limb paresis and ataxia
74
What is the lifecycle of sarcosystis neurona ?
Sporocyts shed in opossum feces -> ingested by horse -> rep in CNS
75
How can infection by sarcocystis neurona be differentiated from wobbler syndrome and herpesvirus myeloencephalitis ?
Asymmetry of clinical signs
76
What are the most common cause of verminous encephalomyeltitis in the horse?
Halicephalobus gingivalis
Strongylus vulgaris
77
What protozoa of cats causes a non-supperative encephalitis
Toxoplasma gondii
| Cysts containing bradyzoites
78
What is the etiology of transmissible spongiform encephalopathies?
Prions proteins (conformation change)
79
```
Name the TSE in..
sheep ->
Cat ->
Mink ->
Deer and elk ->
Bovines
```
```
Scrapie
Feline spongiform encephalopathy
Mink spongiform encephalopathy
Chronic wasting disease
Bovine spongiform encephalopathy
```
80
In a moo cow
```
Aggression
Incoordination
Abnormal posture
Hypermetria
Progressive weakness
Decreased milk production and emaciation
```
BSE
81
In dogs.. Rickettsial disease
____________ will cause a vasculitis and _______________ will cause a non-suppurative meningitis/meningococcal-encephalitis
Rocky mnt spotted fever; ehrlichia canis
82
In a little cat brain you see multifocal lesions filled with viscous mucus exudate
EDx?
Cryptococcus neoformans
| -> mucopolysaccharide capsule of yeast
83
Tumor arising form the pleura/ subarachnoid mater?
Menigioma
84
Tumor arising from within the choroid plexus with a granulated appearance, non-infiltrating
Choroid plexus papilloma
85
What type of tumor arises form the glial cells?
Glioblastoma
86
Tumor in the cerebellar hemisphere
Medulloblastoma
