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Urinary System 2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Infection of the urinary tract can come from what two sources?

A

Hematogenous (descending infection)

Urinary bladder (Ascending infection)

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2
Q

What are the 4 classifications of nephritis, according to location?

A

Glomerulitis
Glmonerulonephritits
Interstitial nephritis
Pyelonephritis

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3
Q

What type of nephritis has a multifocal suppurative glomerulitis? What is the cause?

A

Embolic nephritis

Caused by bacteremia

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4
Q

What is a common cause of embolic nephritis in a foal?

A

Actinobacillus equuli

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5
Q

What is the progression/chronic form of embolic nephritis

A

Microabscesses -> rupture -> loss of glomerulus

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6
Q

What are the two immune mediated mechanisms that lead to glomerulitis and glomerulonephritis ?

A

Deposition of Ag-Ab complexes

Autoantibodies directed against the GBM (antibasement membrane disease)

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7
Q

What are the acute changes seen in a glomerulonephritis ?

A

Subtle changes - kidney appear swollen and pale

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8
Q

Chronic glomerulonephritis appears ???

A

Kidneys are shrunken and granular

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9
Q

What are the three morphologic types of glomerulonephritis ?

A

Membranous -> thickening of BM

Proliferative -> increased cellularity

Membrano-proliferative -> glomerular sclerosis

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10
Q

What is glomerulosclerosis

A

Scar tissue replacing glomerulus

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11
Q

What do you call an inflammatory infiltration in the interstitium that affects tubular function

A

Interstitial nephritis

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12
Q

Does interstitial nephritis usually have a diffuse or multifocal distribution

A

Diffuse (pale cortex), except in bovine is multifocal (white spotted kidney)

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13
Q

Off-white foci randomly scattered throughout the renal cortex and medulla of bovine kidney

EDx?

A

White-spotted kidney

Residual lesions of E.coli bacteremia (common in young cattle)

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14
Q

What is the pathogenesis of bacterial interstitial nephritis?

A

Bacteremia -> renal interstitial capillaries -> migrate through vascular endothelium -> persist in interstitial space

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15
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in dogs?

A

Leptospirosis
Canine hepatitis virus (recovery phase)
Theileria parva

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16
Q

Causes of intersitial nephritis in cattle?

A

Ecoli
Leptospirosis
Malignant catarrhal fever

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17
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in sheep

A

Sheeppox

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18
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in pigs?

A

Leptospirosis
Porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome
PCV-2

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19
Q

Causes of interstitial nephritis in horse?

A

Equine viral arteritis

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20
Q

Kidney is shrunken, pale and firm
Capsule is firmly adhered to cortex

Histo shows..
interstitial fibrosis
Tubular atrophy and dilation
Aggregate of lymphocytes and plasma cells

Disease?

A

Chronic interstitial nephritis

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21
Q

What do you call inflammation of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma?

A

Pyelonephritis

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22
Q

T/F: pyelonephritis is always bilateral

A

False

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23
Q

Pyelonephritis results form what type of infection? What species is it commonly seen in?

A

Ascending infection

Pig, cattle, and dog

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24
Q

What are predisposing factors to pyelonephritis ?

A

Urinary obstruction -> urine stasis facilitates bacterial growth

Abnormal vesico-urethral reflux (retrograde flow of urine) normally prevented by the oblique insertion of ureters into bladder wall

Cystitis (female>male)

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25
What conditions may interfere with ureteral peristalitc waves and predispose to vesicourethral reflux?
Cystitis and ureteritis
26
Suppurative exudate in pelvic cavity with partial destruction of medulla, irregular discoloration of cortex. Disease?
Pyelonephritis
27
Histology of kidney.. large number of neutrophils and bacteria in lumen of renal tubules. Necrosis of tubular epithelium . Glomerulus still intact Disease
Acute Pyelonephritis Ascending infection affecting renal tubules and not glomerulus
28
White bands of scar tissue Extending from cortex to medulla, interstitial fibrosis and loss of tubules Disease?
Chronic pyelonephritis
29
What is a form of chronic nephritis characterized by predominance of machrophages in the inflammatory infiltrate ?
Granulomatous nephritis
30
In a cat Multifocal to coalescing off-white raised nodules or cortical and cut surface of the kidney DDx?
Granulomatous nephritis -> Feline infectious peritonitis Lymphosarcoma (often more diffuse)
31
Mycobacterium bovis would result in what type of nephritis?
Granulomatous nephritis
32
What nematode of horses causes granulomatous nephritis by its migration through the kidney?
Halicephalobus gingivalis
33
A large nematode of mink and dog that is in the renal pelvis and can sometimes be found free in peritoneal cavity
Diocticophyma renale Giant kidney worm
34
In pig Larvae that migrates from intestine to liver, causing hepatitis and phlebitis, and then crosses the peritoneal cavity to the peri-renal fat and form cysts within the renal pelvis of the kidney
Stephanurus dentatus
35
Hydatid cyst on surface of kidney of moose EDx?
Echinococcus granulosus
36
What is an abnormal and permanent dilation of the renal pelvis and calyces with progressive atrophy of renal parenchyma ?
Hydronephrosis
37
What are causes of hydronephrosis ?
Increased pressure due to obstruction of urine outflow - congenital malformation - calculi (uroliths) - iatrogenic - chronic inflammation - neoplasia - torsion
38
What is the pathogenesis of hydronephrosis ?
Urine filtrate diffuses into renal interstitum -> absorbed by lymphatic -> pressure shuts down blood vessels -> papillary necrosis and atrophy of renal parenchyma
39
What is the kidneys response to injury?
Tubular regeneration Fibrosis (if BM is damaged) Nephrosclerosis is fibrosis is severe
40
What is an end-stage kidney?
Kidney severely affected by chronic inflammation and fibrosis -> pale, shrunken, and firm -not possible to determine initial injury
41
What is the difference between renal disease and renal failure?
Renal disease- any deviation from normal renal structure or function Renal failure- inability of the kidney to maintain normal function (loss of at least 70% of kidney function)
42
Clinical syndrome of toxemia due to intravascular accumulation of endogenous toxic waste substances like urea, creatinine, uric acid, phenolic acid, ect..
Uremia
43
Clinical signs of uremia?
``` Vomiting Dehydration and anascara Polydipsia, anuria, oliguria, poliuria Ammonical breath Malaise ```
44
What are the non-renal lesions of uremia?
``` Uremic stomatitis/glossitis Hemorrhagic ulcerative gastritis and colitis Endocarditis/mucoarteritis Tissue mineralization Pulmonary edema ```
45
What is the pathogenesis of hemorrhagic ulcerative gastritis due to uremia?
Arteriolar necrosis and mucosal infarction Mineralization of the gastric glands
46
What is the pathogenesis of mucoarteritis/endocarditis due to uremia?
Deposition of glycosaminioglycans -> fibrinoid degeneration of the subendocardial CT Most common in left atria and proximal aorta
47
What is the pathogenesis of pulmonary edema resulting for uremia?
Damage to the air-blood barrier and plasma fluid leaks into alveoli Often the cause of death in uremic animals
48
T/F: abnormal renal function can result in excessive retention of phosphorus
True
49
What is secondary renal hyperparathyroidism?
Phosphorus levels increased due to decreased renal excretion -> parathyroid stimulated to increase PTH -> increase Ca (Maintain ratio between Ca and Phos)
50
What type of tumors can be present in the kidney?
Renal adenoma Renal adenocarcinoma Renal cystadenocarcinoma
51
A primary urinary tumor common in pigs, rats, and chickens that grows to very large sizes and is composed of immature renal parenchyma
Nephroblastoma
52
What is the formation of solid or semisolid concretions in the urinary collecting system?
Urolithiasis (calculi)
53
What are predisposing factors to urolithaiaiss?
Increased concentration (supersaturation) Low urine volume (dehydration/low water consumption) Urine pH UTI High phosphate diet in sheep High silica levels Struvites
54
Clinical signs of ureathral obstruction by uroliths?
Dysuria Stranguria Pollakiuria Heamturia
55
"Water belly" is due to?
Ruptured bladder due to urethral obstruction
56
What are causes of cystitis?
Bacterial infections Accumulation of uroliths Toxins (eg blister beetle-cantharidin)
57
In cattle what causes a chronic enzootic hemturia ?
Bracken fern -> toxic and carcinogenic compounds leads to cystitis, adenocarcinomas, and papilloma
58
In bladder.. Mucosal hemorrhage and ulceration Production of exudate (hemorrhagic and fibrinopurulent) MDx?
Acute cystitis
59
In bladder.. Multifocal lymphoid hyperplasia (follicular cystitis) Polyploid cystitis MDx?
Chronic cystitis
60
__________ cystitis can develop in some dogs and cats with diabetes mellitus
Emphysematous
61
A common condition in male cats characterized by urethral obstruction by a plug composed of protein and cellular debris
Feline lower urinary tract disease
62
What are predisposing factors to feline lower urinary tract disease?
Diet high in Mg and phosphate Alkaline urine pH Decreased fluid consumption
63
What types of tumors can be seen in the bladder?
Transitional cell carcinoma Leiomyoma/leiomyosarcoma Fibromatous/fibrosarcoma Hemangioma/hemangiosarcoma
64
Multifocal raised noduels or focal thickening (plaques) of the urinary bladder, commonly in trigone region of bladder What type of neoplasm is this?
Transitional cell carcinoma

RUSVM Pathology 2 (16 decks)

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