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Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular System > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the average pH of the blood?

A

7.3-7.5

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2
Q

Describe the composition of blood

A

Plasma 55%, Erythrocytes 45%, Leucocytes and platelets <1%

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3
Q

What 9 things are found in plasma?

A
  1. Water
  2. Mineral Salts e.g. NaCl
  3. Plasma proteins
  4. Foodstuffs e.g. glucose
  5. Gases in solution e.g. CO2 as Bicarbonate
  6. Waste Products e.g. urea
  7. Antibodies & Anti-toxins
  8. Hormones
  9. Enzymes
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4
Q

What are the 3 solid components of blood?

A

Erythrocytes (red blood cells), Leucocytes (white blood cells) and Thrombocytes (platelets)

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5
Q

Describe the structure of an erythrocytes

A

Biconcave
Anucleated
Consist of a haem group containing iron and a globin (protein)

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6
Q

How long do RBCs circulate?

A

live for 90-120 days in circulation and then are broken down in the spleen

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7
Q

What is the function of erythrocytes?

A

Haemoglobin attracts O2 and binds with it in the lungs. It then passes through the tissues and releases it. It can also carry CO2 to a small degree.

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8
Q

Where are erythrocytes produced?

Where are they produced in the pre-natal stage?

A

In erythroid tissue in the red bone marrow of spongy bone (found at the extremities of long bones and flat bones).
In pre-natal stage they are produced in the spleen and the liver - can be produced here in an adult in an emergency.

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9
Q

What are the stages of erythrocyte production IN ORDER

A
  1. Erythroblasts - large cells, nucleated with very little Hb
  2. Normoblasts - smaller cells, smaller nucleus, more Hb
  3. Reticulocytes - nucleus disintegrates, only remnants visible
  4. Mature RBC released into bloodstream
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10
Q

What happens if the body is in desperate need of RBCs but there are no mature erythrocytes?

A

Reticulocytes can be released into the blood stream early and will mature in the bloodstream - they appear white and can cause anaemia.

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11
Q

Describe the structure of white blood cells

A

Larger than RBCs, all nucleated, less numerous in bloodstream than RBCs

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12
Q

Name the 2 main types of Leucocytes

A

Granulocytes 74% and Agranulocytes 26%

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13
Q

Name and describe the 3 types of Granulocytes

A
  1. Neutrophils - Phagocytes
  2. Eosinophils - Respond to parasitic infections
  3. Basophils - Respond to allergic reactions - cause inflammation and stops blood clotting
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14
Q

Name and describe 2 agranulocytes

A
  1. Monocytes - phagocytes
  2. Lymphocytes - T cells (Directly destroy invaders)
    and B Cells (secrete antibodies and make memory cells)
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15
Q

What are thrombocytes formed from?

A

Megakaryocytes (which form from megakaryoblasts)

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16
Q

What plasma protein is responsible for blood clotting?

A

Fibrinogen

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17
Q

What is required for blood clotting?

A

Blood cells - platelets and clotting factors

Plasma proteins - specifically fibrinogen

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18
Q

Describe the process of blood clotting

A
  1. Tissue or vessel is damaged
  2. Platelets stick to the damaged area and each other to form a seal
  3. Platelets release an enzyme called Thromboplastin
  4. In the presence of thromboplastin, and calcium ions, prothrombin (vit k essential) is converted to the active enzyme thrombin.
  5. Thrombin then converts fibrinogen into fibrin (insoluble). (Ca essential)
  6. These insoluble fibrin fibres form a network across the damaged area, traps the blood and forms a clot.
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19
Q

How long is normal clotting time?

A

3-5 minutes

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20
Q

What are the two blood types in dogs?

A

Antigen positive and Antigen Negative

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21
Q

Where is the heart found?

A

In the pericardial cavity in the mediastinum of the thorax. Laterally located between rib spaces 3 and 6/7.

22
Q

What are the 4 functions of the heart

A
  1. Collect deoxygenated blood from the tissues
  2. GENTLY pump the blood to the lungs for oxygenation
  3. collect returning oxygenated blood from the lungs
  4. FORCEFULLY pump the blood to the rest of the body so that oxygen and nutrients can reach the tissues.
23
Q

What divides the two halves of the heart

A

The septum

24
Q

What type of blood does each side of the heart deal with and where does it come from and go to?

A

RHS: Deals with deoxygenated blood. Receives it from the body tissues and pumps it to the lungs.
LHS: Deals with oxygenated blood from the lungs and pumps it to the body tissues. This side is high pressure and the muscle wall is thicker.

25
Q

What is the function of valves?

A

Facilitates blood flow and prevents the backflow of blood

26
Q

Describe the locations of the valves and their structure

A

The AV valves: Left Bicuspid, Right Tricuspid
The SL valves: Left aortic valve. Right Pulmonic valve.

The AV valves are anchored in place by Chordae tendinae which are anchored to the ventricular wall by papillary muscles.
The SL valves lack chordae

27
Q

What are the 5 layers of the heart from inside to outside

A
  1. Endocardium - epithelial tissue
  2. Myocardium - entirely cardiac muscle
  3. Epicardium - Outer heart layer. Visceral surface
  4. Pericardial Cavity - fluid-filled to lubricate heart
  5. Pericardium - Outer parietal layer. Forms pericardial sac
28
Q

Describe the sequence of contraction

A
  1. The Atria contract together (ventricles are relaxed)
  2. Blood passes through the AV valves
  3. Ventricles contract together (atria relax)
  4. Blood forced out of ventricles through SL valves into the pulmonary artery or aorta.
29
Q

What is the purpose of a conducting mechanism in the heart?

A

Means there is no external nerve supply needed for normal contraction. It has the intrinsic ability to generate its own impulses needed for contraction.

30
Q

Describe the conduction mechanism

A
  1. The SA node initiates contraction across both atria in a wave (atrial systole)
  2. The fibrous plate separates the atria and ventricles and prevents the SA node from triggering ventricular contraction at this point.
  3. The impulse then passes to the AV node in the interventricular septum, where its delayed for a short time to allow the atria to empty and the ventricles to fill.
  4. The AV node then fires the impulse down the septum to the apex of the heart via the nerve fibres in the bundle of His (without causing any muscle contraction).
  5. When the impulse reaches the apex it causes contraction radiating dorsally through the purkinje fibres of the ventricular walls. This contraction forces blood into the arteries.
  6. The heart muscle resets and is ready for the next one.
31
Q

What controls the heartbeat?

A

The Autonomic Nervous System

32
Q

What are the normal HR values for dogs and cats?

A

Dogs - 70-140bpm

Cats - 100-200 bpm

33
Q

What is a sinus arrhythmia?

A

When HR increases upon inspiration and decreases upon expiration

34
Q

Describe the sounds of the heartbeat and what causes them

A

1st Sound ‘LUB’ = closing of AV valves as ventricles contract (systole)
2nd Sound ‘DUP’ = closing of SL valves after ventricles have emptied (diastole phase)

35
Q

Describe the blood vessel network from heart back to heart

A

Heart- Artery - arteriole - capillary - venule - vein - heart

36
Q

Describe artery structure and the type of blood they carry

A

Thick muscular wall and narrow lumen. Carries oxygenated blood under high pressure. Apart from the pulmonary artery which carries deoxygenated blood to the lungs.

37
Q

Describe venous structure and blood they carry

A

Blood carried under low pressure. Thinner walls, larger lumen . Valves are present to aid return of blood to heart. Carry deoxygenated blood apart from pulmonary vein which carries oxygenated blood to the heart.

38
Q

Name and describe the 3 layers of the blood vessel walls from inside to out?

A
  1. Tunica intima - simple squamous epithelium
  2. Tunica media - smooth muscle and elastic fibres
  3. Tunica adventitia - Collagen and elastic fibres
39
Q

Describe the structure of a capillary

A

Single Layer of simple squamous epithelium

40
Q

What are end arteries? Give an example. Why do we have them?

A

Arteries that branch into the tissue but never join with each other - they are the only single supply of oxygenated blood. E.g. Coronary Artery in Brain. They prevent damage to the structure should blood pressure drop but if become occluded, they can lead to Ischaemia (tissue death)

41
Q

What is the heart muscle itself supplied by?

A

Blood from the 2 coronary arteries that branch off the aorta.

42
Q

What is the Brachiocephalic Trunk?

A

Branches off the aorta. Consists of the 2 carotid arteries that travel up the neck to supply the head, and the right subclavian artery–> right axillary artery—> rights brachial artery which supplies the right forelimb.

43
Q

What are the names of the arteries that supply the left forelimb and where do they originate?

A

Originates from aorta. Branches off as left subclavian artery, which becomes the left axillary artery, which becomes the left brachial artery which supplies the left forelimb.

44
Q

The aorta moves caudally through the aortic hiatus in the diaphragm into the abdomen. Name the 3 paired arteries that branch off it and the 3 unpaired arteries

A

Paired:

  1. Renal Arteries
  2. Ovarian/ Spermatic Arteries
  3. Femoral Arteries

Unpaired:

  1. Coeliac Artery (supplies stomach, liver and spleen)
  2. Cranial Mesenteric Artery (supplies small intestine)
  3. Caudal Mesenteric Artery (supplies large intestine)
    * the mesenteric arteries eventually join together
45
Q

What vein is the heart drained by?

A

Jugular veins

46
Q

What are the forelimbs drained by?

A

The brachial and cephalic veins which join to become the cranial vena cava

47
Q

What areas drain into the caudal vena cava?

A

The abdomen, pelvis and hindlimbs

48
Q

What vein drains the thorax and the thoracic wall?

A

The Azygous Vein

49
Q

Where does the azygous vein drain from and where does it drain to?

A

It drains from the thorax and thoracic wall and drains into the cranial vena cava

50
Q

What is a portal circulation and give an example?

A

A portal circulation is where blood travels through 2 capillary networks. E.g. hepatic portal system:
The blood travels from the heart to the capillaries of the stomach and SI (1st capillary network) then travels tot he hepatic portal vein and then travels to the liver capillary bed (2nd capillary network) and then to the hepatic vein into the caudal vena cava.

51
Q

What does a heart murmur indicate?

A

Alternative blood flow through the heart

52
Q

What is the cranial nerve responsible for slowing the heart?

A

Vagus nerve

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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