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Anatomy and Physiology > Muscular System > Flashcards

Muscular System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of muscle?

A

Voluntary/skeletal/striated
Involuntary/Smooth/unstriated
Cardiac

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2
Q

Describe skeletal muscle

A

Under conscious control
Attached to skeleton
Made up from peripherally nucleated cells
Typically long muscles that lie parallel to each other
Tires quickly
Good blood supply

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3
Q

Describe the structure of skeletal muscles

A

Each muscle cell is made up of a bunch of thread-like fibres called myofibrils. Each fibril is enveloped in a sheath of connective tissue called sarcolemma.
A ‘bunch’ of these fibrils are then bound together by a connective tissue called endomysium and then enclosed in another sheath called Perimysium.

On a larger scale. A few of these structures are then surrounded by Epimysium.

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4
Q

What can a tendon also be known as?

A

Aponeurosis

  • a broad, sheet-like tendon
  • e.g. linea alba of abdomen
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5
Q

What is the difference between fleshy and tendinous muscle?

A

Fleshy muscle has little fibrous attachment, whereas tendinous muscle is more fibrous

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6
Q

Describe the parts of a muscle

A

Origin
- point of attachment which moves least when the muscle contracts i.e. where the muscle starts essentially

Insertion
-the point of attachment which moves the most i.e. where it attaches to the bone

Belly
-fat part of the muscle

Head
-Tapered part of the muscle. Can be at both ends. Usually at the origin.

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7
Q

Name and describe an antagonistic pairing

A

Opposing Actions
e.g. flexion and extension of the forelimb

Flexion: Biceps contract (agonist), Triceps relax (antagonist)
Extension: Biceps relax (antagonist); triceps contract (agonist)

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8
Q

Describe involuntary muscle

A

Not under conscious control
Controlled by autonomic nervous system
Do not tire easily
Made up of spindle shaped cells with a nucleus
No muscle sheath
Bound together by connective tissue
e.g. walls of bladder, bowel, blood vessels etc

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9
Q

Describe Cardiac muscle

A

ONLY found in heart
irregularly striped
Involuntary
made up of short, cylindrical branched fibres that have a centrally located nucleus

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10
Q

Name the 6 functions of the muscles

A
  1. Cause movements of bones at a joint
  2. Move complete limbs
  3. Supportive structures of abdominal walls
  4. Opening and closing of sphincter
  5. Opening and closing of eyes
  6. Rigidity of limb muscles if necessary
    (fight or flight)
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11
Q

Name and describe the 2 fibrils that make up muscles

A

Myosin - thick fibrils with side arms

Actin - thin fibrils

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12
Q

How does muscle contraction work

A

Breakdown and re-attachment of actin and myosin fibrils

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13
Q

What controls muscle contraction

A

Motor Neuron Nerves via the CNS.

The nerve enters the muscle belly and diverges. All muscle fibres activated by one nerve fibre is called a motor unit

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14
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

Normal muscles exist in a state of slight tension called muscle tone - keeps animal upright.
It occurs by a few nerve impulses reaching the muscle from the CNS

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15
Q

Describe Hypertrophy and Atrophy

A

Hypertrophy - when frequently used muscles increase in strength and bulk.
Atrophy - when unused or damaged muscles become wastage

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16
Q

Name and describe the two types of muscle contraction

A
  1. Isometric
    - increase in muscle tone, but no change in length
    - e.g. pushing against a wall
  2. Isotonic
    - no change in tension, but muscle shortens
    - e.g. repetitive lifting of limb
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17
Q

What does muscle activity require, generate and monitored by?

A

Requires energy and calcium ions for chemical reaction
It generates heat
Its monitored by stretch receptors in muscles, tendons and joint capsules

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18
Q

Define intrinsic muscles

A

Originate in the head region
Change position of part of the head
Do not change the position of the head relative to the rest of the body.

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19
Q

Define extrinsic muscles

A

Originate externally
More superficial
Change position of head relative to body

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20
Q

Name and describe the 3 intrinsic muscles of chewing

A
  1. Temporal Muscles (close jaw)
  2. Masseter muscles (close jaw, chewing action)
  3. Digastricus muscle (open the jaw)
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21
Q

Describe the muscles of facial expression

A

Intrinsic
Found on face and around mouth, ears, eyes, lips and nose.
Innervated by Cranial Nerve VII (7)
Move face without moving the head e.g. smiling, winking

22
Q

Name and describe the extrinsic muscles of the eye

A

Control eye movement
Found in the orbit of the skull

  1. Rectus muscles
    - 4 of them: Dorsal, ventral, lateral, medial
    - Insert on the sclera at the equator of the eye
    - each muscle moves the eye in its direction e.g. Up, down, out and in
  2. Dorsal and Ventral oblique
    - Come in at opposing angles
    - rotate eye around visual axis
  3. Retractor Bulbi
    - Forms muscular cone around optic nerve
    - keeps eye in socket
23
Q

What muscles are responsible for head movement and where do they attach?

A

Extrinsic muscles attach occipital bone of the skull to the atlas of the vertebral column

24
Q

Describe the muscles of the vertebral column

A

Hypaxial muscle - found on ventral surface of transverse process. Function to flex the head, neck, tail and vertebral column

Epaxial muscle - found on dorsal surface of the vertebral column. Action to support the spine and extend the vertebral column

25
Q

What are the muscles of the thorax?

A
  1. External intercostal muscles
    - responsible for inspiration
  2. Internal intercostal muscles
    - responsible for expiration
  3. Diaphragm
    - sheet of muscle tendon that contracts to increase volume of thoracic cavity and draw air into lungs
26
Q

Where does the diaphragm attach to the vertebral column and what is present here?

A

Attaches to the ventral surface of the lumbar vertebrae.
At this point there is a pair of thickened muscle fibres called crura - they spread towards the head and across the dorsal surface of the ribs.

27
Q

In what direction is the diaphragm domed?

A

Cranially

28
Q

What are the 3 openings of the diaphragm and what passes through them?

A
  1. Aortic hiatus
    - allows transmission of aorta, azygous vein and thoracic duct
  2. Oesophageal hiatus
    - allows transmission of oesophagus and vagus nerve
  3. Caval foramen
    - Transmits the caudal vena cava
29
Q

What is the inguinal canal?

A

A slit between the abdominal muscles. If enlarges can cause inguinal hernia and abdominal contents can slip under skin

30
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the abdominal wall

A
  1. External abdominal oblique
  2. Internal abdominal oblique
  3. Transverse abdominus (deepest)
  4. Rectus abdominus
31
Q

Describe the layout of the abdominal muscles

A

The external, internal and transverse abdominal oblique muscles all run in different directions to form a mesh work. They all meet at the Linea alba (runs mid-ventrally along abdomen extending from the sternum to the pelvis).
The rectus abdominus runs parallel to the linea alba, but does not attach directly onto it. It inserts onto the pubis via the prepubic tendon - it supports the ventral floor of the abdomen.

32
Q

Describe what the function of intrinsic and extrinsic muscles of the limbs are

A

Intrinsic

  • move parts of the limb in relation to other parts of the limb
  • Runs between bones of appendicular skeleton
    e. g. flexion and extension of limbs

Extrinsic

  • Moves limb as a whole relative to the body
  • Run between trunk and limbs
  • e.g. protraction (abductor and adductor muscles) and retraction of limbs
33
Q

Where do protractor and retractor muscles attach?

A

Protractor muscles attach to trunk cranial to limb and to limb ventral to the joint.
Retractor the opposite

34
Q

Describe the muscles of the skin

A
  • called cutaneous muscles
  • causes ‘twitching’
  • very thin muscles
  • Only attached to skeleton in a few places
35
Q

What type of tissue is a tendon?

A

Dense regular connective tissue

Attaches muscle to Bone

36
Q

Describe the achilles tendon

A

Runs down back of leg to hock
Includes the tendons of insertion of the gastrocnemius muscle, the biceps femoris, semitendinosus and the digital flexors

37
Q

What is a bursa and give an example of where you would find one?

A

Small sac of fibrous tissue lines with synovial membrane containing synovial fluid.
Located between ends of bones or where tendons or ligaments pass over bony prominences
e.g. point of hock

38
Q

What are bursal elongations?

A

Extensions of the cavity which form pouches to lie between tendons and extremities of bone

39
Q

What is it called if a bursa completely surrounds a tendon?

A

Synovial sheath

40
Q

What is it called if a bursa has formed in an unusual place?

A

Adential or acquired bursa

41
Q

Name the 4 extrinsic muscles of the forelimb

A
  1. Trapezius
    - draws leg forward and protracts the limb
  2. Latissimus dorsi
    - retracts the forelimb and pulls leg backwards
  3. Pectorals
    - adduct the limb and hold the forelimb against the body wall
  4. Brachiocephalicus
    - - Protracts the limb and bends neck laterally from side to side
42
Q

Name and describe the action of the intrinsic muscles of the shoulder

A
  1. Supraspinatus
    - Extends the shoulder and stabilises the shoulder joint
  2. Infraspinatus
    - flexes the shoulder joint and stabilises the joint
43
Q

Name and describe the action of the intrinsic muscles of the Elbow

A
  1. Triceps Brachii
    - extends the elbow joint
  2. Biceps Brachii
    - flexes the elbow joint, extends the shoulder
  3. Brachialis
    - flexes the elbow joint
44
Q

Name and describe the action of the intrinsic muscles of the Carpus

A
  1. Carpal extensors
    - extends the carpus
  2. Carpal Flexors
    - flex carpus
  3. Digital extensor
    - extend the digits
  4. Digital extensors
    - flex the digits
45
Q

Describe the quadriceps femoris

A

Found on cranial aspect of proximal hindlimb

Extends the Stifle

46
Q

Name the 4 muscles that make up the quadriceps femoris

A

Vastus lateralis
Vastus medialis
Vastus Intermedius
Rectus Femoris

47
Q

Name and describe the 3 muscles in the hamstring group

A
  1. Biceps femoris
    - extends hip and hock
    - flexes stifle
  2. Semitendinosus
    - extends hip and hock
    - flexes stifle
  3. Semimembranosus
    - extends the hip and flexes the stifle
48
Q

Name 2 other muscles that attach to the femur

A

Pectineus
-adducts the limb

Gastrocnemius
-extends hock, flexes stifle

49
Q

What is the action of the cranial tibialis and where is it found?

A

Found between tibia and tarsus
Rotates foot laterally
flexes hock

50
Q

What muscle run through the Biceps femoris?

A

Sciatic nerve

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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