Cells and Tissues

Question 1

What is the function of the flagellum? give an example of a cell that has this

Answer 1

Movement. Sperm Cell

Question 2

What is the function of the cilia?

Answer 2

Create a wave-like motion that moves fluid over the fluid

Question 3

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus

Answer 3

Modifies cell products - packs stores and transports cell products. Also plays a role in the formation of lysosomes.

Question 4

What is the function of the centrioles?

Answer 4

Organise the nuclear spindle during cell division or mitosis

Question 5

What is the function of the lysosomes

Answer 5

Contain lysozymes. Digest materials taken in by the cell by phagocytosis and destroy worn-out cells

Question 6

What is the function of the mitochondria ? Give an example of where these are found?

Answer 6

Produce energy by aerobic respiration and store it as ATP

Found in very high numbers in active cells e.g. skeletal muscle cells

Question 7

What is the function of the nucleus?

Answer 7

Contains chromosomes which contain DNA, surrounded by a nuclear membrane

Question 8

What is the function of the nucleolus?

Answer 8

Where ribosomes and ribosomal RNA are manufactured

Question 9

What is the function of the ribosomes?

Answer 9

Synthesize proteins

Question 10

What is the function of Rough ER?

Answer 10

Covered in ribosomes which synthesises proteins

Question 11

What is the function of smooth ER?

Answer 11

Synthesizes and transports lipids and steroids

Question 12

Describe the structure of the cell membrane

Answer 12

Made up of a phospholipid bilayer with channel proteins and glycoproteins

Question 13

Define diffusion

Answer 13

Movement of molecules of a liquid or gas down a concentration gradient

Question 14

Define Osmosis

Answer 14

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a high to low water concentration )i.e. from a low solution concentration to a high solution concentration)

Question 15

What is active transport?

Answer 15

When cells use energy to force a molecule against a concentration gradient

Question 16

How do molecules that are too big to diffuse freely across the membrane move across the membrane?

Answer 16

Facilitated diffusion

Question 17

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

Answer 17

Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (cytokinesis)

Question 18

What happens during interphase?

Answer 18

Chromosomes become visible and the cell prepares to divide

Question 19

What happens during prophase?

Answer 19

Each chromosome replicates, forming 2 chromatids joined at a centromere.
The centrioles of the cell migrate to each pole and spindle fibres form
The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears

Question 20

What happens during Metaphase?

Answer 20

The chromosomes arrange themselves along the equator and attach to the nuclear spindle fibres which begin to pull the chromosomes apart

Question 21

What happens during Anaphase?

Answer 21

Spindle fibres contract and pull the chromatids apart, moving them to opposite poles of the cell

Question 22

What happens during Telophase?

Answer 22

Spindle fibres disintegrate.
Nuclear membrane forms around chromosome.

Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) forming 2 identical daughter cells. Nucleus and nucleolus reform , chromosomes unravel and the cell returns to interphase.

Question 23

Name the different types of epithelial tissue types and give an example of where they are found

Answer 23

Simple Squamous - single sheet - e.g. alveoli
Simple Cuboidal - productive, lines glands and ducts. E.g. found in kidney tubules
Simple columnar - lines intestine allowing absorption of food
Stratified Squamous - Many layers, protective function, found in areas of friction e.g. Oesophagus, mouth, vagina
Ciliated columnar - Lines tubes and cavities e.g. respiratory tract, trachea, oviduct
Transitional - Stretchy, lines bladder, urethra - provides a leak-proof membrane

Question 24

Give a characteristic of epithelial tissue

Answer 24

Avascular

Question 25

What are the two types of glandular tissue and give an example of each

Answer 25

Unicellular e.g. Goblet Cells | Multicellular e.g. Sebaceous Glands

Question 26

What is the make up of glandular tissue?

Answer 26

Its epithelial tissue interspersed with secretory cells

Question 27

What are the 5 gland shapes and give example of each

Answer 27

1. simple e.g. in SI walls 2. Saccular e.g. sebaceous glands 3. Coiled e.g. sweat glands 4. Compound alveolar e.g. salivary glands 5. Compound tubular e.g. duodenal glands

Question 28

Name the 3 types of connective tissue and what they're made from

Answer 28

Loose - consists of fibroblasts and collagen Dense / fibrous - consists of fibroblasts and collagen Cartilage - specialised made from chondrocytes

Question 29

Name 2 types of loose connective tissue and where its found

Answer 29

Areolar - covering organs and holding them in place | Adipose - Found under skin and around blood vessels

Question 30

Where is dense connective tissue found?

Answer 30

Ligaments, Tendons, Joints and Dermis

Question 31

Name 3 types of cartilage and where they're found

Answer 31

1. Hyaline - found at end of long bones and in tracheal rings 2. Elastic - found in epiglottis and pinnae of ears 3. Found in intervertebral disc spaces. Found where there is rotational friction e.g. knee - withstands compression

Question 32

What makes up nervous tissue and what is it's function

Answer 32

Neurons. Conduct nervous impulses

Question 33

What different types of neuron are there?

Answer 33

``` Inhibitory Stimulatory Unipolar Bipolar Multipolar ```

Question 34

Neurons are surrounded by neuroglia. Why?

Answer 34

They provide the neurons with nutrients

Question 35

Describe the structure of a neuron

Answer 35

Dendrites collect to form a dendron. There are multiple dendrons connected to the cell body. The cell body contains a nucleus. A long axon leaves the cell body and terminates in axon terminals. The axon is myelinated with Schwann cells and in between these are gaps called the Nodes of Ranvier. The whole thing is surrounded by a connective tissue called neurilemma.

Question 36

What is the name of the junction between a neuron and a) another neuron b) muscle

Answer 36

a) Synapse | b) neuromuscular junction

Question 37

How does an impulse travel across a synapse?

Answer 37

Neurotransmitters (most commonly Acetylcholine) are released from the presynaptic terminal and binds with the postsynaptic membrane, 'exciting it' and allowing the impulse to travel across

Question 38

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

Answer 38

1. Skeletal/striated/voluntary 2. Smooth/unstriated/involuntary 3. Cardiac

Question 39

What attaches muscle to bone

Answer 39

Tendon | Can also be an apneurosis (a sheet-like tendon) e.g. linea alba of abdomen

Question 40

What attaches bone to bone

Answer 40

Ligament

Question 41

What is a muscle cell made up of ?

Answer 41

Myofibrils. A bunch of these are bound together by a connective tissue known as endomysium and then enclosed in another sheath called perimysium.

Question 42

How does muscle contraction occur?

Answer 42

Breakdown and re-attachment of actin and myosin fibrils. Reattach in a different position as actin and myosin move over one another causing the muscle to shorten.

Question 43

What controls muscle tissue?

Answer 43

Motor neurons from the CNS. All the muscle fibres activated by one neuron is called a motor unit.

Question 44

What are the 2 types of muscle contraction?

Answer 44

Isometric - increases muscle tone, but no change in length of the muscle e.g. pushing against a wall. Isotonic - No change in tension/ muscle tone but the muscle shortens e.g. repetitive lifting

Question 45

What is muscle tone?

Answer 45

The body exits in a slight state of muscle tension, that's what keeps us upright. Caused by a few nerve impulses reaching the muscle