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Anatomy and Physiology > Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the function of the flagellum? give an example of a cell that has this

A

Movement. Sperm Cell

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2
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

Create a wave-like motion that moves fluid over the fluid

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3
Q

What is the function of the Golgi Apparatus

A

Modifies cell products - packs stores and transports cell products. Also plays a role in the formation of lysosomes.

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4
Q

What is the function of the centrioles?

A

Organise the nuclear spindle during cell division or mitosis

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5
Q

What is the function of the lysosomes

A

Contain lysozymes. Digest materials taken in by the cell by phagocytosis and destroy worn-out cells

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6
Q

What is the function of the mitochondria ? Give an example of where these are found?

A

Produce energy by aerobic respiration and store it as ATP

Found in very high numbers in active cells e.g. skeletal muscle cells

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7
Q

What is the function of the nucleus?

A

Contains chromosomes which contain DNA, surrounded by a nuclear membrane

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8
Q

What is the function of the nucleolus?

A

Where ribosomes and ribosomal RNA are manufactured

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9
Q

What is the function of the ribosomes?

A

Synthesize proteins

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10
Q

What is the function of Rough ER?

A

Covered in ribosomes which synthesises proteins

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11
Q

What is the function of smooth ER?

A

Synthesizes and transports lipids and steroids

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12
Q

Describe the structure of the cell membrane

A

Made up of a phospholipid bilayer with channel proteins and glycoproteins

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13
Q

Define diffusion

A

Movement of molecules of a liquid or gas down a concentration gradient

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14
Q

Define Osmosis

A

Movement of water through a semi-permeable membrane from a high to low water concentration )i.e. from a low solution concentration to a high solution concentration)

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15
Q

What is active transport?

A

When cells use energy to force a molecule against a concentration gradient

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16
Q

How do molecules that are too big to diffuse freely across the membrane move across the membrane?

A

Facilitated diffusion

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17
Q

What are the 5 stages of mitosis?

A 
Interphase
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase (cytokinesis)
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18
Q

What happens during interphase?

A

Chromosomes become visible and the cell prepares to divide

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19
Q

What happens during prophase?

A

Each chromosome replicates, forming 2 chromatids joined at a centromere.
The centrioles of the cell migrate to each pole and spindle fibres form
The nucleolus and nuclear envelope disappears

20
Q

What happens during Metaphase?

A

The chromosomes arrange themselves along the equator and attach to the nuclear spindle fibres which begin to pull the chromosomes apart

21
Q

What happens during Anaphase?

A

Spindle fibres contract and pull the chromatids apart, moving them to opposite poles of the cell

22
Q

What happens during Telophase?

A

Spindle fibres disintegrate.
Nuclear membrane forms around chromosome.

Cytoplasm divides (cytokinesis) forming 2 identical daughter cells. Nucleus and nucleolus reform , chromosomes unravel and the cell returns to interphase.

23
Q

Name the different types of epithelial tissue types and give an example of where they are found

A

Simple Squamous - single sheet - e.g. alveoli
Simple Cuboidal - productive, lines glands and ducts. E.g. found in kidney tubules
Simple columnar - lines intestine allowing absorption of food
Stratified Squamous - Many layers, protective function, found in areas of friction e.g. Oesophagus, mouth, vagina
Ciliated columnar - Lines tubes and cavities e.g. respiratory tract, trachea, oviduct
Transitional - Stretchy, lines bladder, urethra - provides a leak-proof membrane

24
Q

Give a characteristic of epithelial tissue

A

Avascular

25
Q

What are the two types of glandular tissue and give an example of each

A

Unicellular e.g. Goblet Cells

Multicellular e.g. Sebaceous Glands

26
Q

What is the make up of glandular tissue?

A

Its epithelial tissue interspersed with secretory cells

27
Q

What are the 5 gland shapes and give example of each

A
  1. simple e.g. in SI walls
  2. Saccular e.g. sebaceous glands
  3. Coiled e.g. sweat glands
  4. Compound alveolar e.g. salivary glands
  5. Compound tubular e.g. duodenal glands
28
Q

Name the 3 types of connective tissue and what they’re made from

A

Loose - consists of fibroblasts and collagen
Dense / fibrous - consists of fibroblasts and collagen
Cartilage - specialised made from chondrocytes

29
Q

Name 2 types of loose connective tissue and where its found

A

Areolar - covering organs and holding them in place

Adipose - Found under skin and around blood vessels

30
Q

Where is dense connective tissue found?

A

Ligaments, Tendons, Joints and Dermis

31
Q

Name 3 types of cartilage and where they’re found

A
  1. Hyaline - found at end of long bones and in tracheal rings
  2. Elastic - found in epiglottis and pinnae of ears
  3. Found in intervertebral disc spaces. Found where there is rotational friction e.g. knee - withstands compression
32
Q

What makes up nervous tissue and what is it’s function

A

Neurons. Conduct nervous impulses

33
Q

What different types of neuron are there?

A 
Inhibitory
Stimulatory
Unipolar
Bipolar
Multipolar
34
Q

Neurons are surrounded by neuroglia. Why?

A

They provide the neurons with nutrients

35
Q

Describe the structure of a neuron

A

Dendrites collect to form a dendron. There are multiple dendrons connected to the cell body. The cell body contains a nucleus. A long axon leaves the cell body and terminates in axon terminals. The axon is myelinated with Schwann cells and in between these are gaps called the Nodes of Ranvier. The whole thing is surrounded by a connective tissue called neurilemma.

36
Q

What is the name of the junction between a neuron and a) another neuron b) muscle

A

a) Synapse

b) neuromuscular junction

37
Q

How does an impulse travel across a synapse?

A

Neurotransmitters
(most commonly Acetylcholine) are released from the presynaptic terminal and binds with the postsynaptic membrane, ‘exciting it’ and allowing the impulse to travel across

38
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue

A
  1. Skeletal/striated/voluntary
  2. Smooth/unstriated/involuntary
  3. Cardiac
39
Q

What attaches muscle to bone

A

Tendon

Can also be an apneurosis (a sheet-like tendon) e.g. linea alba of abdomen

40
Q

What attaches bone to bone

A

Ligament

41
Q

What is a muscle cell made up of ?

A

Myofibrils. A bunch of these are bound together by a connective tissue known as endomysium and then enclosed in another sheath called perimysium.

42
Q

How does muscle contraction occur?

A

Breakdown and re-attachment of actin and myosin fibrils. Reattach in a different position as actin and myosin move over one another causing the muscle to shorten.

43
Q

What controls muscle tissue?

A

Motor neurons from the CNS. All the muscle fibres activated by one neuron is called a motor unit.

44
Q

What are the 2 types of muscle contraction?

A

Isometric - increases muscle tone, but no change in length of the muscle e.g. pushing against a wall.
Isotonic - No change in tension/ muscle tone but the muscle shortens e.g. repetitive lifting

45
Q

What is muscle tone?

A

The body exits in a slight state of muscle tension, that’s what keeps us upright. Caused by a few nerve impulses reaching the muscle

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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