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Anatomy and Physiology > Respiratory System > Flashcards

Respiratory System Flashcards

1
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

the amount of air that passes into and out of the lungs during each respiration.

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2
Q

What are the normal tidal volumes for dogs and cats?

A

15mls/kg (for up to 5kg) and 10mls/kg (for over 5kg)

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3
Q

What is the residual volume?

A

The air that is left In the lungs after the hardest expiration

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4
Q

What is total lung capacity?

A

The Residual volume (i.e. the volume that never leaves) + the expiratory reserve volume (the extra air that can be exhaled with force) + the tidal volume (the normal volume inhaled and exhaled) + the inspiratory reserve volume (the extra air that could be inhaled with force)

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5
Q

What is the functional residual capacity

A

The volume of air left in the lungs after normal expiration

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6
Q

What is anatomical dead space

A

The volume of air inspired that never reaches the alveoli

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7
Q

What is the Vital Capacity?

A

The total amount of air that can be expired after a maximum inspiration

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8
Q

What is meant by the functional dead space

A

Areas of the respiratory system that do not contribute to gas exchange (including anaesthetic tubing etc)

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9
Q

Define Inspiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume of air inhaled during forced inspiration that’s above the normal inspiration volume

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10
Q

Define Expiratory Reserve Volume

A

The volume of air that exceeds that of normal expiration after a forced expiration

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11
Q

Define Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume + inspiratory reserve volume

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12
Q

Define expiratory capacity

A

Tidal Volume + expiratory reserve volume

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13
Q

What is the respiratory rate? And what are the normal values for dogs and cats?

A

Breaths per minute. Dogs: 10-30bpm. Cats: 20-30bpm

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14
Q

What is external respiration?

A

‘Breathing’. Inspiration and expiration - gas exchange between air and blood

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15
Q

What is internal respiration?

A

Gas exchange between the blood and its tissues through capillary walls

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16
Q

Describe the composition of inspired air

A

79% nitrogen, 21% oxygen and <0.03% CO2. +water vapour and other trace gases

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17
Q

Describe the composition of expired air

A

79% nitrogen, 16% oxygen and 4-5% CO2. +traces of other gases.

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18
Q

What 3 ways is CO2 transported?

A
  1. 25% bound to Hb
  2. Some dissolved in plasma
  3. Most is dissolved in water in red blood cells
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19
Q

What is the function of ethmoturbinate bones?

A

Filter incoming air for any microorganisms and dust particles, by ciliated mucous membrane
Increase the surface area of the nasal cavity
Warms and moistens incoming air

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20
Q

What are the four bones that make up the nasal cavity?

A

Ethmoid bone, palatine bone, incisive bone and maxilla bone

21
Q

What divides the nasal cavity into right and left halves?

A

Bony septum

22
Q

What are the sinuses of the head and what’ the difference between them ? What are they collectively known as?

A

Frontal Sinus - ‘true’ sinus
Maxillary Sinus

Collectively known as paranasal sinuses

23
Q

What is the function of the frontal sinus?

A

Lined with ciliated mucous epithelium to secrete mucous
Mechanical Barrier to foreign material
Reduce the weight of the skull

24
Q

What is the correct term for the nostrils?

A

External nares

25
Q

What is the first opening of the nasal cavity?

A

Internal nares

26
Q

What cranial nerve is the olfactory nerve?

A

1

27
Q

What two structures attach to the hyoid apparatus?

A

Tongue and the Larynx

28
Q

What is the pharynx?

A

The portion at the back of the throat where the respiratory and digestive tracts overlap

29
Q

Name the 6 openings of the pharynx

A 
Oropharynx
Nasopharynx
Oesophagus
Trachea
2 Eustachian tubes
30
Q

What are the two functions of the pharynx?

A

Regulate passage of air from nasal cavity to trachea

Regulates passage of food from oral cavity to oesophagus

31
Q

How does the trachea enter the mediastinum

A

Via the cranial thoracic aperture

32
Q

Describe the make up of the trachea

A

Composed of incomplete C-shaped hyaline cartilage rings. Rest filled up by membrane. The membranous part is dorsal to allow for stretching of the oesophagus above it. The whole thing is surrounded by a fibrous connective tissue.

33
Q

What is the structure of the Larynx

A

Box-like cartilaginous structure lined by mucous membrane. Mucous membrane in 2 folds:

  1. Vocal cords - muscular ligaments
  2. Lateral ventricle - hollow cavity where sound is produced
34
Q

What is the epiglottis?

A

A flap of elastic cartilage that covers the larynx. Falls forward at rest to allow air to reach the trachea. When swallowing, it shuts and covers the larynx to prevent the entry of food into the trachea.

35
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchi

A

2 branches from trachea
Have complete cartilage rings
Lined by ciliated epithelium

36
Q

Describe the structure of the bronchioles

A

Divide from bronchi into these multiple branches
Size decreases and have less and less cartilaginous support
The smallest bronchioles are called terminal or respiratory bronchioles which have no cilia or cartilage

37
Q

Terminal bronchioles divide to form …?

A

2 or 3 alveolar ducts, which each terminate in numerous alveolar sacs

38
Q

Describe the structure of the alveolar sacs

A 
Very vascular
Very thin membrane
Very large surface area
Can expand
Surfactant
39
Q

What is surfactant?

A

Mixture of lipids and proteins secreted into the alveolar space to reduce surface tension and allow the alveoli to expand more easily

40
Q

What are the coverings of the lungs?

What is their purpose?

A

The lungs are covered in visceral pleura, the thoracic cavity is lined with parietal pleura and in between these 2 layers is the pleural cavity.
These layers facilitate friction-free movement of the lungs

41
Q

Name the 3 lobes of the lungs that are present in both right and left lungs (from top to bottom). What Is the name of the extra lobe and what side is it found on?

A

Apical Lobe
Cardiac Lobe
Diaphragmatic Lobe

Right lobe has an extra accessory lobe between the cardiac and diaphragmatic lobe

42
Q

What are the 2 muscles of respiration and what nerves stimulate them?

A

Diaphragm - via phrenic nerve

Intercostal Muscles - via intercostal nerve

43
Q

Describe what happens to the thoracic cavity during inspiration and why

A

Increases the volume of the thoracic cavity:

  1. Caudally, due to contraction and flattening of the diaphragm.
  2. Laterally, due to the contraction of intercostal muscles causing the ribs to swing out and raise.

These contractions create a vacuum, lowering pressure and draws air into the lungs.

44
Q

Describe the process of expiration

A

Usually a passive process
Respiratory muscles relax, diaphragm relaxes and ribs fall. The thoracic volume decreases and air is forced out of the lungs

45
Q

Where are the respiratory centres found?

A

The hindbrain. The pons contains the expiratory centres (the apneustic and pneumotaxic centres). The medulla oblongata contains the inspiratory centres.

46
Q

What receptors are involved in respiration control?

A

Baroreceptors in walls of bronchi - detect pressure and stretch.
Chemoreceptors in periphery (aorta and carotid arteries) - detect o2, co2 and pH- and central (medulla oblongata) - detect co2 and pH.

47
Q

Describe the Hering-Breuer Reflex

A

Prevents over-inflation of the lungs

Lungs inflate
Baroreceptors send signal to medulla via vagus nerve
Further inspiration inhibited
Expiration stimulated via apneustic centre

48
Q

What would happen if the respiratory rate was too slow?

A

CO2 wouldn’t be expelled fast enough and would build up as carbonic acid. This would lower the pH in the blood and CSF. This would then be picked up by chemoreceptors in the medulla and would trigger the increase in respiratory rate.

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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