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Anatomy and Physiology > Integument > Flashcards

Integument Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 functions of the skin?

A
  1. Protection
  2. Production
  3. Sensory
  4. Storage
  5. Thermoregulation
  6. Communication
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2
Q

Describe the skin’s protective function

A 
Protects underlying structures
Acts as barrier between internal and external environment
Creates a water-proof barrier
Melanin in skin protects against UV rays
Can be keratinised for strength
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3
Q

Describe the skins productive function

A
  1. Vit D - UV rays converted to Vit D3 in skin and then converted by the liver and used by the kidneys to produce calcitrol.
  2. Sebum - from sebaceous glands. Has antimicrobial properties, repels water
  3. Sweat - from sudoriferous glands. Found in nose and footpads of dogs. Expels toxic products. Thermoregulation.
  4. Pheromones - Communication role
  5. Mammary Glands - Modified sweat glands that produce milk
  6. Ceruminous Glands - Produce ear wax
  7. Anal Sac Glands - produce a secretion for territory marking
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4
Q

What are vibrissae?

A

Tactile Hairs e.g. whiskers. A hair that is long and well innervated. Thicker than guard hairs

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5
Q

What does skin store?

A

Fat - adipose tissue. Its an energy store and provides insulation.

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6
Q

Describe the action of the skin if the animal is too cold

A

Pilli erect to stand hairs upright to trap layer of hot air
Shivering
Vasoconstriction diverts blood vessels away from surface
Use fat insulation

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7
Q

Describe the action of the skin if the animal is too hot

A

Production of sweat
Panting
Vasodilation

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8
Q

Name the three layers of the skin from superficial to deep?

A

Epidermis, Dermis, Hypodermis

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9
Q

Describe the epidermis of the skin

A 
Outermost layer
Stratified squamous epithelium
Constant turnover of cells
Avascular
Receives nutrients from dermis
Melanocytes between cells for UV protection
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10
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from superficial to deep

A
  1. Stratum corneum
    (dead, fully-keratinised cells =squames)
  2. Stratum lucidum
    (only in very thick skin. Cells lack nucleus)
  3. Stratum granulosum
    (Cells flatten and keratinisation begins)
  4. Stratum Spinosum
  5. Stratum basale (germinativum)
    (cells rapidly dividing by mitosis and pushing other layers up. Melanocytes present)
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11
Q

What type of tissue is the dermis and what is it made up of?

A

Connective Tissue. Collagen and elastin

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12
Q

What does the dermis contain?

A

Good blood and nerve supply.

Hair follicles, sebaceous glands, and sweat glands - actually still formed by epidermal cells

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13
Q

What is the structure of the Hypodermis

A

Layers of Fat and Loose Connective Tissue. Contains elastic fibres which allow flexibility.

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14
Q

What is the structure of hair

A

Each hair follicle contains a bundle of hairs with one guard hair which is long and stiff. Wool hairs or secondary hairs are smaller and softer and lie on either side of guard hair. There is a sebaceous gland, a pilli muscle and a blood vessel attached to the guard hair.

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15
Q

What is the function of the guard hair?

A

Provide outer coat and waterproof layer

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16
Q

What is the function of the wool hairs?

A

Form insulating layers - trap air between them

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17
Q

Where are supercilliary hairs found?

A

Found immediately above the eyelids

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18
Q

Do dogs have eyelashes?

A

Have 2-4 rows on upper eyelid only

19
Q

What type of fluffy hairs are eyebrows?

A

Submental hairs

20
Q

Describe the hair from tip to bottom

A

Part exposed is called the hair shaft, the bit in the epidermis and dermis is the root and the bit in the blub where the hair grows from is called the follicle.

21
Q

Describe the formation of hair

A
  1. Epidermal tissue extends down into the dermis forming a hair cone over the dermal papilla
  2. Epidermal cells above the hair are destroyed creating a hair follicle
  3. Hair and sebaceous gland develops from hair follicle
  4. A mature hair follicle will also have an arrector pilli muscle
22
Q

Name and describe the stages of the hair cycle

A

ANAGEN - active growing stage
CATAGEN - Hair bulb matric shrinks away from the dermal papilla
TELOGEN - long resting phase. At the end of this phase, a new hair begins to grow and pushes the old hair out of the follicle.

23
Q

Describe the epidermal layer of the footpad

A

Thick, hairless, keratinised, pigmented. Surface og dogs footpads also have conical papillae to provide traction during walking

24
Q

Describe the dermal layer of the footpad

A

Thick with fatty cushion which acts as a shock absorber. Also contain sweat glands

25
Q

How many footpads do dogs and cats have?

A

5 on forepaw and 4 on hindpaw (the dew claw, digit 1 pad is absent on hind paw). Also Have a metacarpal pad and metatarsal pad. and a carpal pad.

26
Q

What is the main difference between dog and cat claws?

A

Cats claws are retractable

27
Q

Where does the claw grow from?

A

Coronary border

28
Q

Where are claws found?

A

Covering the ungual process of the third phalanx

29
Q

What is the main difference between claws and skin In terms of the epidermal layer?

A

Very heavily keratinised

30
Q

What is the term used to describe the presence of extra digits? (common in cats)

A

Polydactyly

31
Q

What is the correct term for the nose pad?

A

Rhinarium

32
Q

Describe the structure of sebaceous gland and what they produce

A

Saccular or alveolar in shape. Produce sebum

33
Q

Describe the function of the sebaceous glands

A

Associated with the hair follicle - movement of the primary hair squeezes sebum out onto the surface. This sebum keeps the coat glossy and waterproof.

34
Q

When does the tail gland become very productive

A

In males, during puberty and during menstruation in females

35
Q

What is the correct term for sweat glands?

A

Sudoriferous glands

36
Q

Describe the structure of the sudoriferous glands and where they’re found.

A

Found in dermis on foot and nose pads. Coiled, tubular structure.

37
Q

Describe the function of the sudoriferous glands

A

Open onto skin surface or into hair follicle. Sweat evaporates off the skin surface and cools the body. Sweat contains waste products of the body.

38
Q

What type of glands are ceruminous glands and what do they secrete?

A

Modified sebaceous glands. Secrete Ear Wax.

39
Q

What type of glands are anal glands? What are they used for?

A

Sebaceous glands. Used for territory marking.

40
Q

What type of glands are mammary glands? What do they secrete?

A

Sebaceous glands. Secrete Milk.

41
Q

How many mammary glands do bitches and queens have? Where are they located?

A

Bitches have 5 pairs and queens have 4 pairs. 2 pairs in thoracic, 2 pairs in abdominal, 1 pair in pelvic.

42
Q

How many openings does each teat have?

A

8-16

43
Q

How does milk exit the teat?

A

Secretion collects in gland sinuses, which drain through teat sinuses and exit via the teat orifices

44
Q

What is Colostrum?

A

A thick yellow secretion that enters the mammary glands several weeks prior to and for 1 week after parturition. Its full of antibodies.

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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