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Anatomy and Physiology > Reproductive System > Flashcards

Reproductive System Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three main functions of the testes?

A

To produce sperm, fluid and testosterone

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2
Q

Where are the testes found in dogs and cats?

A

Within the scrotum, outside the abdomen, suspended between the legs in dogs and in the perineal region in cats

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3
Q

Why is the temperature in the scrotum cooler than the body temperature

A

Spermatogenesis occurs most efficiently in a cooler environment
Lacks hair

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4
Q

Describe the function of the dartos muscle

A

When temp increases, it relaxes making the scrotal skin thinner. When temp drops, it contracts thickening the scrotal skin.

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5
Q

What is each testis covered in?

A

Double layer of peritoneum called tunica vaginalis

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6
Q

What makes up the testicular tissue?

A

Seminiferous tubules containing spermatogenic cells (produce sperm) and Sertoli cells (secrete nutrients to prolong life of sperm and produce a little oestrogen)

And Leydig cells (AKA interstitial cells) which secrete testosterone

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7
Q

Describe the structure of sperm

A

Head containing DNA, covered by acrosome ‘helmet’ until it reaches the ovum. Acrosome releases enzymes which are able to breakdown the zona pellucida of the ovum.

Packed with mitochondria as it requires a lot of energy for swimming.
Flagellum essential for movement

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8
Q

What to the testis next connect to?

A

The seminiferous tubules eventually combine to form larger ducts that drain into the epididymis.

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9
Q

Describe the structure of the epididymis

A

Long, coiled tube where sperm are stored and matured

Sperm undergo final maturation at caudal tail of the epididymis as this part has the coolest temperature.

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10
Q

What does the epididymis lead to?

A

Vas Deferens

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11
Q

What are 2 other names for the Vas Deferens?

A

Deferent duct

Ductus deferens

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12
Q

Describe the location of the spermatic cord

A

Travels from testes into abdomen through the inguinal canal.
Also surrounded by the tunica vaginalis

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13
Q

What does the spermatic cord contain?

A 
Vas Deferens 
Cremaster Muscle
Lymphatic vessels
Testicular artery and vein
Nerves
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14
Q

Describe the Vas Deferens

A

Firm tubular structure
Transports sperm from epididymis to abdominal cavity where it joins the urethra (at neck of bladder)
At the point where it joins the urethra, the walls of the deferent duct are thickened and glandular and the whole area is surrounded by the prostate gland.

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15
Q

Describe the blood supply to the testes

A

Supplied by the testicular artery which branches off the abdominal aorta.
Blood entering testes needs to be cooler, so it passes through a network called the pampiniform plexus in order to cool down.

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16
Q

Describe the role of the cremaster muscle

A

Found in the spermatic cord
Derived from the internal abdominal oblique muscle
If temp drops, it contracts pulling scrotum closer to body
If temp increases, it relaxes and scrotum hangs lower.
Works in conjunction with the dartos muscle

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17
Q

What is the function of the accessory glands in male reproduction and name them

A

To secrete seminal fluid
Prostate Gland
Bulbourethral gland (present in cats only)

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18
Q

What are the functions of seminal fluid?

A
  1. Increase ejaculation volume
  2. Provides nutrition for sperm
  3. Contains hormones important for fertilisation
  4. Provides correct environment for sperm
  5. Neutralises acidity of urine in urethra
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19
Q

What is the function of the bulbourethral gland?

A

Produces seminal fluid to clear and lubricate the urethra

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20
Q

Describe testicular development

A

During embryonic development, the male gonad develops inside the abdomen near a band of tissue called the gubernaculum.
In late gestation, the gubernaculum contracts and pulls the testes caudally towards the scrotal sac.
They leave the abdominal cavity via the inguinal canal and as they do they become double wrapped in tunica vaginalis.

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21
Q

What is it called when males retain:
One testis?
Both testes?

A

Monorchid

Bilateral cryptorchid

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22
Q

Where does the penis originate from?

A

The ischial arch of the pelvis

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23
Q

Describe the structure of the penis

A

Very Vascular
Well innervated
Urethra runs centrally surrounded by a coat of erectile tissue
Os penis found within
Urethra runs in a ventral groove of the os penis in dogs
End covered by skin called the prepuce

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24
Q

What are the 2 layers of erectile tissue of the penis?

A

Corpus spongiosum

  • bulges distally to form the glans penis (free end)
  • surrounds urethra
Corpus cavernosum (crura)
- form root of penis at ischial arch
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25
Q

What is the function of the penis?

A

To deliver sperm into the female reproductive tract

Plays a role in the urinary system

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26
Q

What returns the penis to its normal position after mating?

A

Retractor penis muscle

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27
Q

What are some differences of the male reproductive tract in cats?

A

Penis covered in papillae (spikes) which elicit a pain reflex in the female during mating and stimulate ovulation

Testes found in perineal region. Penis points caudal when relaxed.

Have a bulbourethral gland which secretes seminal fluid to clear and lubricate the urethra

Os penis is almost completely vestigial - urethra runs in the dorsal groove of the os penis.

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28
Q

What is it called when the prepuce gets stuck rolled back?

A

Paraphimosis

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29
Q

Bitches and queens are multiparous. What does this mean?

A

Have more than one offspring, usually 5 or 6

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30
Q

Name the structures of the female reproductive tract from cranial to caudal

A
  1. Ovaries
  2. Oviducts
  3. Uterine Horns (bicornuate)
  4. Uterine Body
  5. Cervix
  6. Vagina
  7. Vestibule
  8. Vulva
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31
Q

Where are the ovaries found? Which ovary is most cranial?

A

Caudal to kidneys.

Right

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32
Q

How are the ovaries attached to the dorsal body wall

A

Attached by the ovarium ligament and suspended in the mesovarium (visceral peritoneum)

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33
Q

What is the ovarian bursa?

A

A pouch that completely surrounds the ovaries and the oviducts.

34
Q

What makes up the ovaries?

A

Ovarian follicles which is where ova develop

35
Q

What two hormones act on the ovaries and what do they do?

A

FSH
-stimulates the follicles to develop the ova

LH
-stimulates the follicles to rupture to release an ova

36
Q

What hormones do the ovaries produce?

A 
Oestrogen (from Graafian follicles)
 and Progesterone (from corpus luteum)
37
Q

What is the next structure connected to the ovary?

A

The infundibulum (part of oviduct) which catches the ova when its released and transports it down the oviduct to the uterus.

38
Q

What are the two other names for the oviduct?

A

Uterine Tube

Fallopian Tube

39
Q

What occurs during ovulation?

A

Eggs are released from the ovaries

40
Q

What are 3 functions of the Oviduct?

A
  1. To collect ova as they are released from the Graffian follicles
  2. To convey the ova from the ovaries to the uterine horns
  3. To provide the correct environment for the survival of both ova and sperm (where they meet)
41
Q

What is the oviduct suspended in?

A

The mesosalpinx

42
Q

Describe the structure of the oviduct

A

Narrow tube.
One end is a funnel shape called the infundibulum - it is lined with finger like projections called fimbriae which spread over the surface to catch the ova.
The lumen of the tube is lined with ciliated columnar epithelium to propel the ova along the tube.

43
Q

What happens when the sperm and ovum meet?

A

If fertilisation is successful then the foetus begins to develop, moves down the tube and implants in the wall of the uterine horns.

44
Q

Why are the uterine horns long?

A

To allow space for the implantation of multiple foetuses

45
Q

What is the function of the uterus?

A

Provide the correct environment for the embryos to survive and develop

Supply nutrients to the embryo via the placenta

46
Q

Name and describe the 3 layers of the uterus from innermost to outermost

A
  1. Endometrium
    - lined by columnar mucous membrane, glandular tissue and blood vessels.
    - thickens during pregnancy to provide nutrition for the embryo before implantation and to support the developing placenta
  2. Myometrium
    - layers of smooth muscle which provide contractions
  3. Mesometrium (broad ligament)
    - Visceral peritoneum suspends the uterus from the dorsal body wall.
    Continuous with mesovarium and mesosalpinx
47
Q

What is the cervix?

A

‘Neck’ of uterus
Short, thick-walled muscular sphincter
Separates uterus and vagina
Usually keeps cervical canal closed by opens during oestrus and parturition
Forms a mucus plug during pregnancy to increase the sterility of the uterus

48
Q

Where is the vagina found?

A

Between the cervix and the vestibule

in the pelvic cavity

49
Q

Where is the vestibule found?

What is its function?

A

Between the external urethral orifice and the vulva.
It is shared between the urinary and reproductive tract
The lumen is lined with stratified squamous epithelium, surrounded by smooth muscle, allowing a tightening ‘tie’ around the penis bulb.

50
Q

What is the vulva?

What is its structure?

A

External opening to the reproductive tract
Contains a mound of sensitive clitoral tissue.

Made up of

  1. Labia - 2 vertical lips. Swell during pro-oestrus and oestrus
  2. Clitoris - a knob-like structure of cavernous erectile tissue
51
Q

What supplies blood to the female reproductive tract?

A

The ovarian arteries and uterine arteries (branch from abdominal aorta)

52
Q

What 3 hormones are involved in lactation? What do they do?

A

Progesterone
- causes mammary tissue enlargement and development. Secreted by the corpus luteum within the ovary. Maintains pregnancy

Prolactin
- Stimulates milk production in 3rd trimester. Secreted by anterior pituitary gland

Oxytocin
- enables mammary gland to release or let down milk in the last few hours of pregnancy. Secreted by the posterior pituitary gland.

53
Q

What makes up bitch and queen’s milk?

A 
Mostly water
Fat
Protein 
Carbohydrate
Vitamins
Minerals
54
Q

What is the name given to the antibody-rich first milk?

A

Colostrum

55
Q

What are the benefits of neutering and spaying?

A

Neutering:

  • reduces unwanted behaviours
  • reduces risk of prostatic and testicular neoplasia

Spaying:

  • reduces risk of pyometra
  • reduces risk of neoplasia
  • reduces risk of pseudopregnancy
56
Q

What are the differences in breeding between bitches and queens?

A 
Bitches are:
Spontaneous ovulators
Monoestrus (1 oestrus cycle per season)
5 pairs of mammary glands
Non seasonal breeders
Queens are:
Induced ovulators
Polyoestrus (more than 1 oestrus cycle per season)
4 pairs of mammary glands
Seasonal breeders
57
Q

What is the function of the oestrus cycle?

A
  1. Produce ova ready for fertilisation by male spermatozoa
  2. Prepares reproductive tract to receive fertilised ova
  3. Initiate behaviours of female to indicate that she’s in season
58
Q

What triggers the oestrus cycle?

What occurs after the release of FSH from the anterior pituitary?

A 
External factors (e.g. day length, temperature) stimulate Gonadotrophin Releasing Hormone (GnRH) to be released from the hypothalamus. 
The GnRH then stimulates the anterior pituitary gland to produce FSH.

This stimulates the follicles to begin developing the ova.
This triggers a surge in activity of the ovaries and the follicle begins to produce oestrogen.
The rising levels of oestrogen stimulates the release of LH from the anterior pituitary gland, inhibit further release of FSH, prepares the reproductive tract for mating and produces the behaviours associated with pro-oestrus.

59
Q

When does the oestrus cycle occur?

A

The oestrus cycle begins when LH triggers the rupture of the follicles and the release of the ova.

60
Q

What is left behind when the follicle ruptures?

A

A shell which is converted into the corpus luteum.

61
Q

What is the function of the corpus luteum?

A

Secretes progesterone (required to maintain pregnancy). It is produced whether the animal is pregnant or not.

62
Q

What is the function of progesterone?

A
  1. Prepares the reproductive tract to receive fertilised ova
  2. Causes enlargement of mammary glands
  3. Inibits secretion of GnRH which then inhibits FSH output and prevents development of any more follicles
63
Q

What happens to the corpus luteum if the female doesn’t become pregnant?

A

Regresses eventually

64
Q

Name the 5 steps of the oestrus and their duration

A
  1. Pro-oestrus = 9-10 days
  2. Oestrus = 7-10 days
  3. Metoestrus (metoestrus 1) = 5-15 days
  4. Dioestrus (Metoestrus 2) = 6-7 weeks
  5. Anoestrus
65
Q

What happens during pro-oestrus?

A

The ovaries enlarge and mature in preparation for ovulation.
FSH causes the follicles to mature and produce oestrogen - which then stimulates release of LH

Bitch becomes more attractive, vulva swells, bloody discharge, polyuria and WILL NOT accept mating at this point. (reproductive tract not ready)

66
Q

What happens during Oestrus?

A

Phase where ovulation actually occurs
Ovarian follicle ruptures and an ovum is released
Occurs around day 10 in response to rising LH levels
Ova need to mature in the tract for 1 or 2 days before mating but after this, the bitch will allow mating as she is in ‘true heat’

67
Q

What happens during Metoestrus?

A

Corpus luteum forms at the site of the ruptured follicle
Progesterone is produced
Outward appearance of bitch returns to normal

68
Q

What happens during dioestrus?

A

Corpus luteum is established and if the animal is pregnant, pregnancy is established.

69
Q

Describe Anoestrus

A

When the cycle or pregnancy ends
Ovaries and ovarian tract become ‘quiet’ and there is no activity
Corpus luteum regresses
Ideal time for neutering as blood supply to reproductive tract is at its lowest

70
Q

How long is gestation in bitches and queens?

A

Bitches: 63 days (very variable)
Queens: 63 days accurate

71
Q

What would indicate parturition is imminent?

A

In bitch, body temperature drops 24hrs prior due to falling off of progesterone

72
Q

Name the 2 protective layers surrounding ova

A

Inner: Zona pellucida
Outer: Corona radiata

73
Q

How long can the sperm survive in the uterine tube?

A

7 days

74
Q

What prevents more than one sperm from fertilising an ova?

A

A fertilisation reaction

75
Q

What is a fertilised ovum called?

A

Zygote

76
Q

What happens to the zygote as It moves down the oviduct?

A

Mitosis is occurring
Numerous daughter cells form which bunch together to form a morula.
The morula develops a fluid-filled cavity with a cell mass towards one end called an inner cell mass
This structure is now called a blastocyst.
Once in the uterine horns, the blastocysts arranges themselves along the walls by invading the endometrium.
The endodermal layers start to line the trophoblast and form the yolk sac (absent in mammals).
The inner cell mass then curls round to enclose the mesoderm and endoderm cells.
The trophoblast and the yolk sac form the extra embryonic membranes, which will become the placenta and the membranes that surround the foetus at birth.

77
Q

How long after ovulation does implantation occur?

A

Bitch : 14-20 days

Queen : 11-16 days

78
Q

What are the 3 germ cell layers?

A
  1. Ectoderm
    - outer layer
    - forms skin and nervous system
  2. Mesoderm
    - middle layer
    - forms the musculoskeletal system and other internal organs
  3. Endoderm
    - inner layer
    - forms the lining of the digestive tract and other visceral systems
79
Q

Name and describe the Extra-embryonic membranes

A
  1. Yolk sac
    - formed from the endodermal cells, but shrivels before birth
  2. Chorion (outer membrane)
    - formed from the trophoblast and the outer layer of mesodermal cells
  3. Amnion (inner membrane)
    - the trophoblast and mesoderm expand, push up and surround the developing embryo
  4. Allantois (in between chorion and amnion)
    - develops from the endodermal cells forming the primitive gut
80
Q

What does the allantois form?

A

The allantoic sac
-receives urine from the foetal kidneys through the urachus.

The allantoic membrane fuses with the above chorion at the chorionallantois (water bag which bursts during parturition); fuses with the amnion below at the allantoamnion (surrounds foetus and allows slippery passage down birth canal)

81
Q

What is the placenta?

A

Thickened area of the extra-embryonic membranes that attaches the foetus to the endometrium.
Provides the embryo with oxygen and nutrients and gets rid of waste products.
Called the zonary placenta in dogs and cats as it forms a wide band around the extra-embryonic membranes.
Between the extra-embryonic membranes and the placenta are bands called marginal haematoma -provides embryo with iron and responsible for discharge for parturition

82
Q

Describe the development of the canine embryo from week 3 to week 5
and the development of the canine foetus from week 6 to week 9

A

3 - amnion and allantois have formed
4 - forming vertebrae and limb buds
5 - eyelids, internal ears and canine teeth start to form

6 - digits and external genitalia well developed
7 - significant ossification of vertebral bodies and some long bones
8 - has hair pads
9 - should be fully mature
- Normally delivered at this stage

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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