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Anatomy and Physiology > Digestive System > Flashcards

Digestive System Flashcards

1
Q

State the dental formula for adult dogs and puppies

A

Deciduous: I3/3, C1/1, PM3/3 = 28

Adult: I=3/3, C1/1, PM4/4, M2/3 = 42

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2
Q

State the dental formula for adult cats and kittens

A

Deciduous: I3/3, C1/1, PM3/2 = 26

Adult: I3/3, C1/1, PM3/2, M1/1 = 30

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3
Q

What teeth are the Carnassials and why are they important

A

The last upper pre-molar (4th in dogs and 3rd in cats) and the first lower molar.

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4
Q

What is the Frenulum?

A

It connects the tongue to the floor of the mouth

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5
Q

Where are turbinate bones found?

A

In the nasal cavity

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6
Q

What is the buccal cavity?

A

Another term for the mouth

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7
Q

What type of epithelial tissue lines the oesophagus?

A

Stratified Squamous

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8
Q

What is meant by prehension?

A

Picking up food

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9
Q

How many roots are in a carnassial tooth?

A

3

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10
Q

Name the 4 salivary glands and where they are found

A

Zygomatic: Just underneath the eye below the orbit.
Parotid: Between base of ear and mandibular gland.
Mandibular: caudal to jaw angle.
Sublingual: underside of tongue.

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11
Q

What is the function of the incisor teeth?

A

In cats, used to nibble small pieces of food.

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12
Q

What age do cats and dogs lose their deciduous teeth and gain their adult teeth?

A

About 5-6months

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13
Q

What is the function of saliva?

A
  1. Mechanical
    - moistens and softens the food, physically breaking it up - breaks down into small chunks
  2. Lubrication
    - lubricates food to make chewing and swallowing easier
  3. Secretes amylase
    - secreted by parotid gland to breakdown carbohydrates
  4. Thermoregulation - evaporation of saliva from tongue and aids cooling
  5. Antimicrobial properties
    - flushes out mouth and has slight killing effect
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14
Q

What type of glands are salivary glands?

A

Compound Alveolar

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15
Q

What is the tongue connected to ?

A

The hyoid bones, the mandible and the frenulum

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16
Q

What is the covering of the tongue?

A

Keratinised mucosa - to prevent damage when eating and papillae (taste buds)

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17
Q

What are the functions of the tongue?

A
  1. Manipulation of food
    - moves food around and aids chewing
    - moves food to back of mouth for swallowing
  2. Taste
    - taste buds detect taste sensations
  3. Grooming
    - especially in cats
  4. Lapping
    - use tongues to move water into mouth
  5. Thermoregulation
    - heat loss via panting
    - salvia evaporates off tongue to cool air
  6. Vocalisation
    - creates shape to manipulate sound
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18
Q

Name the 4 muscles of the tongue and what controls them?

A

Geniohyoideus
Genioglossus
Hyoglossus
Styloglossus

Controlled by Hypoglossal Nerve (XII)

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19
Q

Describes the steps and structures involved in swallowing

A
  1. Bolus of food is pushed to the back of the oral cavity by the tongue
  2. The soft palate raises blocking off the nasopharynx
  3. The hyoid apparatus moves forward and epiglottis closes over the larynx
  4. Pharynx opens, food pushed into top of pharynx and the pharynx closes behind it.
  5. Peristalsis carries food down the oesophagus to the stomach
  6. Soft palate lowers
  7. Hyoid apparatus moves back and the epiglottis falls forward leaving the larynx open again.
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20
Q

Describe the oesophagus and where it is found

A

A purely muscular tube
Run from pharynx, dorsal to trachea through the thoracic cavity between the two lungs. It then enters the abdominal cavity via the oesophageal hiatus in the diaphragm and terminates in the stomach

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21
Q

What are the 3 areas of the stomach?

A
  1. Cardia
    - where oesophagus enters stomach
  2. Fundus
    - body of stomach
  3. Pylorus
    - where the stomach narrows and food passes into the small intestine
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22
Q

What state is the food in before it can pass into the small intestine?

A

Chyme - controlled by pyloric sphincter

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23
Q

What happens in the stomach?

A

Food in churned, mechanical digestion continues and chemical digestion begins

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24
Q

What blood vessels supply/drain the stomach?

A

Coeliac Artery

Portal Vein

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25
Q

What are the sphincters called at the top and bottom of the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter at top

Pyloric Sphincter at bottom

26
Q

What covers the dorsal part of the stomach?

A

Dorsal mesentery called greater omentum

27
Q

Describe the internal structure of the stomach?

A

Folded into Rugae (flatten out when stomach stretches)

They are lined with mucous membrane and contain gastric pits.

28
Q

What cells are found in the stomach walls?

A

Goblet cells - secrete mucus
Chief cells - secrete pepsinogen
G cells - secrete gastrin
Parietal cells - secrete hydrochloric acid and intrinsic factor

29
Q

What is the function of intrinsic factor in stomach?

A

Essential for the absorption of B12

30
Q

What are the layers of the stomach wall from outermost to innermost?

A

Serosa
Smooth Muscle
Submucosa
Mucosa (glandular columnar epithelium covered with mucus)

31
Q

Describe the process when food enters the stomach?

A
  1. Bolus of food moves down the oesophagus and cardiac sphincter relaxes
  2. Gradually the stomach fills causing the walls to stretch.
  3. The stretch in the walls triggers the G cells to secrete gastrin (hormone). It travels in the bloodstream and acts on the parietal cells of the stomach wall to produce hydrochloric acid (HCl)
  4. The presence of HCl and food in stomach, causes the chief cells in the stomach wall to secrete pepsinogen (inactive form). Once the pepsinogen enters the stomach and mixes with the HCl, it converts to the active form pepsin.
  5. Pepsin then begins to breakdown the proteins
  6. All secretions form the gastric juices and join with the Chyme - all leaves together to Small intestine.
32
Q

Why do we need the goblet cells in the stomach?

A

Secrete mucus which protects the walls of the stomach from the very acidic hydrochloric acid. It also protects the walls of the stomach from being self-digested by pepsin.

33
Q

Describe the layers of the small intestine from inner to outer layers

A 
Suspended from body wall by mesentery
Serosa
Longitudinal smooth muscle
Circular smooth muscle
Lamina propria
Submucosa
Mucosa
Lumen
34
Q

Describe the mucosa structure of the intestine

A

Intestinal glands are found here in the Crypts of Lieberkiihn between the villi.
The villi themselves are covered in microvilli to increase surface area for absorption.
Each villus contains a network of capillaries surrounding a lacteal.

35
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine in order from stomach to large intestine

A

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

36
Q

What blood vessels supply and drain the small intestine?

A

Duodenum is supplied partly by coeliac artery and partly by mesenteric artery. The rest of the small intestine is supplied by the mesenteric artery.

It is drained by the cranial and caudal mesenteric veins

37
Q

Where do the lacteals of the small intestine drain?

A

Into the cisterna chyli and then the thoracic duct. THis then empties into the vena cava and then round the circulatory system to the liver

38
Q

What 3 ducts enter the duodenum?

A

2 pancreatic ducts and 1 bile duct

39
Q

What are brush border enzymes?

A

Enzymes released from shed epithelial cells in the Crypts of Lieberkühn in the small intestine

40
Q

Name and describe an example of a brush border enzyme

A

Enterokinase

- produced by mucosal cells and actives trypsinogen to form active form trypsin. (digests proteins).

41
Q

Where does the trypsinogen come from?

A

Produced by acinar cells of pancreas in response to Cholecystokinin (CCK) presence in bloodstream.

42
Q

What are the 2 endocrine cells of the small intestine? What do they secrete?

A

I cells

  • secrete CCK into bloodstream when food present in duodenum
  • The pancreatic acinar cells respond to the levels of CCK in the bloodstream and release trypsinogen (inactive enzyme)

S cells

  • secrete secretin into bloodstream
  • Centroacinar cells in the pancreas detect the secretin in the bloodstream and release bicarbonate (neutralises the acid of the Chyme and allows the enzymes to work)
43
Q

What makes up intestinal juice?

A

Disaccharidases (e.g. maltase, sucrase, lactase)
- breakdown disaccharides (e.g. maltose, sucrose, lactose) into simple sugars

Aminopeptidases
- breakdown peptides into amino acids

Nucleotidases
- breaksdown RNA - DNA

Lipase
- converts fats to fatty acids and glycerol

Amylase
- breaks down carbohydrates. Polysaccharides to disaccharides

44
Q

What type of gland is the pancreas?

A

Mixed Gland
- both endocrine and exocrine functions
Exocrine - produces enzymes and bicarbonate
Endocrine - produces hormones

45
Q

Inside the villus, what is the function of the

  1. Capillaries
  2. Lacteals
A
  1. Carry small molecules from the breakdown of carbohydrates and proteins (simple sugars and amino acids) to liver via the hepatic portal vein
  2. Carry fatty acids and glycerol in milky solution called Chyle to cisterna chyli
46
Q

Where is bile produced, why is it released and what is its purpose?

A

Liver
Necessary for the breakdown of fats
Released in response to CCK in bloodstream.

47
Q

What is bile composed of?

A

Water, ions, bilirubin (bile pigment), lipids (bile salts) and cholesterol

48
Q

Name and describe the 2 constituents of bile

A
  1. Bile salts
    - do the ‘emulsification’
    - they break the surface tension between fats and water so fats break down into small droplets as the lipase can act easier on small droplets
  2. Bile pigments
    - these are waste products in the liver from the breakdown of blood pigments
49
Q

Name the branches of the aorta to the abdominal organs

A

Hepatic Artery - supplies liver
Coeliac Artery - supplies stomach, spleen, pancreas and part of the duodenum
Superior Mesenteric Artery - supplies the pancreas, small intestine and large intestine
Inferior Mesenteric Artery - supplies Large Intestine

50
Q

What blood vessels drain the abdominal organs?

A

Stomach, Spleen, Pancreas, Small intestine and Large Intestine are all drained by the hepatic portal vein. Which travels to the Liver. The liver is then drained by the hepatic veins into the caudal vena cava.

51
Q

What are the functions of the liver?

A
  1. Synthesizes plasma proteins
  2. Stores excess glucose as glycogen and coverts it back when blood glucose is low
  3. Converts fatty acids and glycerol into phospholipids for the formation of cell membranes. And this produces energy.
  4. Bile formation (stored in gall bladder between the liver lobes)
  5. Storage of vitamins
  6. Detoxification
  7. Converts ammonia to urea (safer form)
  8. Iron storage
  9. Fat-soluble vitamin storage
52
Q

Where is the liver found?

A

In cranial abdomen against the diaphragm. Lies cranial and right of stomach.

53
Q

What is special about hepatocytes?

A

They have a regeneration function so can ‘patch up’ damage to liver

54
Q

Name the lobes of the liver

A 
6
Left and Right Lateral
Left and Right Medial
Quadrate
Caudate
55
Q

Where in the liver is bile secreted from?

A

Bile canaliculi. Then transported to the all bladder for storage

56
Q

Describe the structure of the large intestine

A

Ileum joins the large intestine and the caecum at the ileocaecocolic junction. Its made up of the ascending colon, the transverse colon, the descending colon. Leads to the rectum and then the anus.

57
Q

What is the function of the caecum

A

Useless in dogs and cats, but needed in rabbits, guinea pigs etc.

58
Q

What is the function of the large intestine?

A

Absorbs water, electrolytes, water-soluble vitamins - mainly in ascending and transverse colon.
Semi-solid faeces in descending colon
Waste products travel to the rectum where they are held until defaecation

59
Q

What controls the release of faeces?

A

2 Sphincters in the anus:
Internal sphincter - smooth involuntary muscle (maintains faecal incontinence)
External sphincter - striated muscle under conscious control

60
Q

Describe what triggers defaecation?

A

The rectum fills with faecal material. This triggers the rectosphincteric reflex (in spinal cord).
Internal sphincter relaxes and peristaltic contraction of rectum begin.
When appropriate to defaecate, consciously relax external sphincter and abdominal muscles contract.

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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