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Anatomy and Physiology > The Endocrine System > Flashcards

The Endocrine System Flashcards

1
Q

What are paracrine and autocrine hormones?

A

Paracrine hormones relate to a hormone that has an effect on local cells

Autocrine hormones that has an effect on the original cell that produced it

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2
Q

Name the 7 major endocrine glands

A 
Pituitary 
Thyroid
Parathyroid
Adrenal
Ovary 
Testes
Pancreas
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3
Q

Where is the thyroid gland found?

A

Lateral aspects of trachea, after larynx

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4
Q

What 2 hormones does the thyroid gland secrete and in response to what?

A
  1. Thyroxine (T3 and T4)
    in response to TSH from the anterior pituitary
  2. Calcitonin
    in response to hypercalcaemia
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5
Q

What is the function of TSH?

A

Stimulates the thyroid to produce and secrete Thyroxine.

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6
Q

What is the function of thyroxine?

A

regulates the uptake of iodine and controls metabolic rate

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7
Q

What is the function of Calcitonin?

A
  • lowers levels of calcium in blood
  • decreases the rate of bone reabsorption of Ca
  • increases the rate of Ca excretion by the kidney

Produced by C cells in the thyroid gland

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8
Q

What is hyperthyroidism and hypothyroidism and goitre?

A

Hyperthyroidism

  • speeds up metabolism
  • animals present active, thin and restless

Hypothyroidism

  • slows down metabolism
  • animal presents dull and cold with poor concentration

Goitre
- swelling of neck due to enlargement of thyroid gland

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9
Q

Where are the parathyroid glands found?

A

Lie on cranial and caudal sides of thyroid gland

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10
Q

What does the parathyroid gland release? What is its function?

A

Parathormone (PTH)
Antagonist effect to Calcitonin
Raises plasma Ca

  • stimulates Ca reabsorption in kidney tubules so less is lost in urine
  • increases reabsorption of calcium from the bone
  • increases the active form of Vit D which stimulates the absorption of Ca in SI
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11
Q

Name and describe the types of Hyperparathyroidism

A
  1. Primary
    - caused by neoplasia of pituitary gland
    - high PTH levels may lead to demineralisation of bone and fractures and bone weakness
  2. Secondary
    - caused by chronic renal failure
    - can also be caused by high phosphorous diet (throwing off calcium/phosphate balance)
    - Calcium/phosphate balance is altered due to a failing to function kidney. Leads to low blood Ca causing release of PTH which leads to increased bone reabsorption and weakening of bones
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12
Q

Where is the pancreas found?

A

Mesentery of the duodenum

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13
Q

What is the name of the endocrine cells of the pancreas called?

A

Islets of Langerhans

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14
Q

What 3 hormones do the pancreas secrete?

A

Insulin, Glucagon, Somatostatin

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15
Q

What type of cells secrete insulin and what is its function?

A

Beta Cells
secreted when blood glucose is high
lowers blood glucose by encouraging the uptake of glucose by the cells

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16
Q

What type of cells secrete glucagon and what is its function?

A

Alpha cells
secreted when blood glucose is low
stimulates conversion of glycogen back to glucose and increases blood glucose levels

17
Q

What type of cells secrete somatostatin and what is its function?

A

Delta cells
reduces gut motility
inhibits secretion of pancreatic and gastric juices

Regulates big swings between insulin and glucagon release

18
Q

Where would you find the adrenal glands?

A

On cranial pole of each kidney

19
Q

Describe the structure of the adrenal gland

A

Outer cortex and inner medulla

20
Q

What stimulates the adrenal glands?

A

ACTH from anterior pituitary gland

21
Q

What does the adrenal cortex release?

A

Steroid hormones

  1. Glucocorticoids
  2. Mineralocorticoids
  3. Androgens
22
Q

What is the function of glucocorticoids?

A

Cause a rise in blood glucose levels and stimulate protein breakdown.
Increase blood glucose by:
-decreasing the use of glucose by cells
- stimulating the conversion of amino acids to glucose in the liver (gluconeogenesis)

23
Q

What is the function of mineralocorticoids

Give an example

A

Maintain electrolyte levels in the ECF

  • protects against hypotension
  • acts on the distal convoluted tubule of the kidney
  • e.g. aldosterone
24
Q

What is the function of androgens?

A

Sex hormones

masculating effect

25
Q

What is cushings disease?

A

Hyperadrenocorticism

  • polydipsia
  • polyuria
  • increased appetite
  • muscle weakness
26
Q

What is Addisons disease?

A

Hyperadrenocortism

- loss of Na and retention of K

27
Q

What does the adrenal medulla release? What is their function?

A

Epinephrine and Norepinephrine.
Both prepare animal for dangerous and stressful situations.

Increase HR
Diverts blood from visceral organs to skeletal muscles Increase blood glucose
Stimulate breakdown of glycogen in liver
Increases rate and depth of respiration
Decrease activity of GI tract and Bladder

28
Q

What are the 2 parts of the pituitary gland?

A

Anterior - Adenohypophysis

Posterior - Neurohypophysis

29
Q

What controls the anterior pituitary?

A

The hypothalamus

30
Q

What 5 hormones does the anterior pituitary produce?

A 
TSH
ACTH
Growth Hormone (somatotrophin)
Gonadotrophins (FSH and LH)
Prolactin
31
Q

What is the function of ACTH?

A

Stimulates the release of adrenocortical hormones from the adrenal cortex

32
Q

What does growth hormone control?

A

Growth - especially rate of epiphyseal growth
Stimulates cells to uptake amino acids and use them for protein production
Accelerates fat breakdown and regulates energy

33
Q

What is an overproduction of growth hormone called?

A

Acromegaly

34
Q

What is the function of FSH in males and females?

A

Males:
Stimulates the production of sperm by ISCs

Females:
Acts on ovary
Causes growth and maturation of ovarian follicles

35
Q

What is the function of LH in males and females?

A

Males:
Causes ISCs to produces androgens e.g. testosterone

Females:
Causes release of mature ova and formation of corpus luteum in the ovary
Only released in queen After mating

36
Q

What is the function of prolactin?

A

Stimulates mammary gland development

stimulates milk production

37
Q

What hormones does the posterior pituitary gland release?

A

ADH and Oxytocin

38
Q

What is the function of ADH?

What does a lack of ADH cause?

A

Anti-diuretic hormone (aka vasopressin)

  • causes water reabsorption from kidney tubules by altering their permeability
  • Lack of ADH called Diabetes insipidus
39
Q

What is the function of oxytocin?

A

Stimulates uterine muscles to contract during parturition to expel foetus

Responsible for the let down of milk

Anatomy and Physiology (15 decks)

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