Cardiovascular System Unit Test

Question 1

What are the 3 Layers of Heart Tissue?

Answer 1

1. Tunica Interna - Internal Layer
2. Tunica Media - **Middle Layer*
3. Tunica Externa - External Layer

* Tunica Interna consists of Endothelium and loose connective tissue!

Question 2

What are the 4 Chambers of The Heart?

Answer 2

Upper Chambers: Left Atrium and Right Atrium

Lower Chambers: Left Ventricle and Right Ventricle

* Right side collects blood, left side disperses it to the body!

Question 3

What are the 4 Valves of The Heart?

Answer 3

1. Tricuspid Valve
2. Pulmonic Valve
3. Mitral Valve
4. Aortic Valve

* The Mitral Valve is also known as the Bicuspid Valve!

Question 4

How many Blood Vessels are directly connected to and/or supply The Heart? What are they?

Answer 4

There are 5 “great vessels” of the heart. They are:

• **The Aorta
• The Pulmonary Trunk
• The Pulmonary Veins
• The (Superior & Inferior) Vena Cavae
• The Coronary Sinuses**

* These connected vessels are also known as the “Great Vessels”!

Question 5

What are the functions of the two sides of The Heart?

Answer 5

The right side of the heart recieves (deoxygenated) blood (through veins)

The left side of the heart pumps (newly oxygenated) blood to the body (through arteries)

Question 6

What side of the heart recieves deoxygenated blood?

Answer 6

The right side

Question 7

Which side of the heart distributes/pumps out oxygenated blood?

Answer 7

The left side

Question 8

What does Systole and Diastole mean?

Answer 8

Systole - (heart) Contraction

Diastole - (heart) Relaxation

Question 9

How are Arteries structured? (Tunics)

Answer 9

Similar to Veins, Artery structure consists of a muscular tube lined with 3 tunic layers “(tunica)”. They are called:

• Tunica Intima - Inner layer lined with (smooth) Endothelium
• Tunica Media - Middle layer allowing the arteries to handle blood pressure
• Tunica Adventita - External layer consisting of connective tissue, anchoring arteries to nearby tissue
• **Tunica Adventita is also known as Tunica Externa!*

Question 10

What is/are the function(s) of Arteries?

Answer 10

Arteries distribute oxygen-rich blood to and throughout the body (from the heart)

* Artery distribution begins at the Left Ventricle and Aorta!

Question 11

How are Veins structured? (tunics)

Answer 11

Similar to Arteries, Vein structure consists of 3 lined tunic layers “(tunica)”. They are called:

• Tunica Intima - Inner, smooth layer lined with (smooth) Endothelium
• Tunica Media - Middle, muscular layer allowing the veins to handle blood pressure
• Tunica Adventita - External, connective layer consisting of connective tissue, anchoring veins to nearby tissue

Question 12

What is/are the function(s) of Veins?

Answer 12

Veins deliver deoxygenated (oxygen-poor) blood to the heart for oxygenation (from the body)

* Veins deliver oxygen to the heart through the Vena Cavae (S & I)

Question 13

How are Capillaries structured (microbiologically)?

Answer 13

Very thin (approx. 5 micrometers) in diameter, so they are composed of only two layers of cells:

• Endothelial Cells - Within the capillary, controlling the flow of fluid, nutrients, and gasses
• Epithelial Cells - Around The capillary, forming a protective layer around Endothelial Cells

* Capillaries only have Tunica Interna because of how small they are!

Question 14

How are Capillaries structured/arranged (bodily design)?

Answer 14

They are arranged in a web-like design, forming the connection between veins and arteries. Its design is essential for systemic and pulmonary circulation.

Question 15

What is/are the function(s) of Capillaries?

Answer 15

Their primary function is exchanging materials between blood and tissue cells. Their function is essential for systemic and pulmonary circulation. They disperse nutrients throughout limbs and organs

Question 16

What is Pulmonary Circulation?

Answer 16

The process of circulation moving blood between the heart and lungs. It transports deoxygenated blood to the lungs to supply (the blood) with oxygen (from the lungs), and releases carbon dioxide within the blood.

* Pulmonary Circulation has lower pressure than Systemic!

Question 17

What is Systemic Circulation?

Answer 17

The process of circulation moving blood between the heart and the rest of the body (excluding the lungs). It transports oxygenated blood to the body to supply (bodily muscle tissue) with oxygen (blood).

* Systemic Circulation has higher pressure than Pulmonary!

Question 18

What are the Steps of Systemic Circulation?

Answer 18

The steps of Systemic Cirulation consist of blood flowing through several blood-carrying stations, these are:

1. Arteries (away from heart)
2. Arterioles (away from heart)
3. Capillaries (gas exchange to tissue)
4. Venules (back to heart)
5. Veins (back to heart)

After step #5, the blood flows through the merged Venules and Veins into the Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, entering back into the heart and completing the circuit, soon to be done and completed again.

* The blood first enteres the Arteries from the Left Atrium and Aorta!

Question 19

How many bodily pressure points are there? What are they? Why are they Important?

Answer 19

There are 8 bodily pressure/pulse points. They are important for medical treatment and detecting pulse for BPM

Question 20

How many bodily pulse points are there? What are they? Why are they important?

Answer 20

There are 9 pulse points located throughout the human body. These are:

• Superficial Temporal Artery (Temple)
• Facial Artery (Jawline)
• Common Cartoid Artery (Neck)
• Brachial Artery (Between Arm & Forearm)
• (Common) Radial Artery (Wrist)
• Femoral Artery (Inner thigh/pelvis)
• Popliteal Artery (Behind Knee)
• Posterior Tibial Artery (Achilles)
• Dorsalis Pedis Artery (Foot)

These points are important in order to check pulse, which is essential for checking BPM, or to see if a person is alive or dead

* The two most used pulse points are the Cartoid and Radial Arteries!

Question 21

What is the Hepatic Portal?

Answer 21

The venous (relating to veins) system that returns blood *(from the digestive tract and spleen)* to the liver, processing the blood’s raw nutrients, then returning it to the heart

Question 22

Which side(s) of the heart deals in Pulmonary Circulation? Which side deals in Systemic Circulation?

Answer 22

• The Right side of the heart (right Atrium and Ventricle) deals in Pulmonary circulation (low-pressure)
• The Left side of the heart (left Atrium and Ventricle) deals in Systemic Circulation (high-pressure)

Question 23

From which vessel(s) do the Capillaries of The Lung recieve deoxygenated blood?

Answer 23

From the Pulmonary Arteries (the only arteries that carry deoxygenated blood!)

Question 24

Which are the only blood vessels that permit exchange between the blood and surrounding fluids in the body?

• Hint: There are three

Answer 24

Venules, Atrioles, and Capillaries

Question 25

Which **four,** large blood vessels *(two from each lung)* empty into the **left atrium, completing the pulmonary circuit?**

Answer 25

**The Pulmonary Veins**

Question 26

What does the **first sound of Korotkoff** indicate? *(first sound picked up by the stethoscope as blood passes through the artery)*

Answer 26

***Peak* Systolic Pressure**

Question 27

What is the Cardiac Cycle?

Answer 27

A series of pressure changes that take place within the heart, working to pump blood throughout the heart and the body. It can also be defined as: **"the conventions of event(s) taken place to achieve one complete heartbeat"**

Question 28

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *When* do the AV Valves **close?**

Answer 28

During **ventricular contraction**

Question 29

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *What causes* the AV Valves to **close?**

Answer 29

When *ventricular contraction pressure* **exceeds** *atrial pressure*

Question 30

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *When* do the AV Valves **open?**

Answer 30

During **ventricular relaxation *(atrial contraction)***

Question 31

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *What causes* the AV Valves to **open?**

Answer 31

When *atrial pressure* **exceeds** *ventricular pressure* *(ventricles getting filled up)*

Question 32

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *When* do the Semilunar Valves **close?**

Answer 32

During **ventricular relaxation**

Question 33

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *What causes* the Semilunar Valves to **close?**

Answer 33

When *atrial pressure* **exceeds** *ventricular pressure* *(ventricles relaxing)*

Question 34

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *When* do the Semilunar Valves **open?**

Answer 34

During **ventricular contraction**

Question 35

*(in the Cardiac Cycle)* *What causes* the Semilunar Valves to **open?**

Answer 35

When *ventricular pressure* **exceeds** *atrial pressure* *(ventricles contracting)*

Question 36

At what point in the *Cardiac Cycle* is heart pressure the **highest?**

Answer 36

During **ventricular systole/ejection**

Question 37

What is the **function of Valves** in the Heart/Cardiac Cycle?

Answer 37

Valves in the heart **prevent the backwards flow of blood**

Question 38

What is the *(specific)* **function of the Atrioventricular (AV) Valves?**

Answer 38

AV Valves **separate and prevent backflow** between the **Atria and Ventricles**

Question 39

What is the *(specific)* **function of the Semilunar Valves?**

Answer 39

Semilunar Valves **prevent backflow of blood from the Arteries to the Ventricles.** *(They also help maintain constant pressure on major arteries!)*

Question 40

What is the **primary difference** between the **Atrioventricular** and **Semilunar Valves?**

Answer 40

* **Atrioventricular (AV) Valves -** Prevent backwards flow of blood **between the Atria and Ventricles** *(staying within the heart)* * **Semilunar (SL) Valves -** Prevent backwards flow of blood **between the Ventricles and Arteries** *(exiting the heart)*

Question 41

**Which Blood Flow Circuit is more resistant?**

Answer 41

**The Systemic Circuit**

Question 42

**Which Blood Flow Fircuit is less resistant?**

Answer 42

**The Pulmonary Circuit**

Question 43

Where does Oxygenated Blood from **the systemic arteries** flow into?

Answer 43

**The Peripheral Tissue Capillaries**

Question 44

What is the importance of the "lubb-dubb" sounds of the heart in relation to clinical information?

Answer 44

**They convey information regarding the effeciency of the heart valves**

Question 45

Where does the "lubb" and "dubb" sound come from?

Answer 45

* **Lubb Sound** - Occurs when the **AV valves *(Tricuspid and bicuspid/mitral valves)* close** * **Dubb Sound** - Occurs when the **SL valves *(Pulmonary and Aortic valves)* close**

Question 46

What causes the Sounds of Korotkoff?

Answer 46

**Turbulence as blood flows past** the constricted portion of the artery(s)

Question 47

**What are the three *(elastic)* arteries** that *originate and protrude from/along the aortic arch* and deliver blood to the head, neck, shoulders, and arms?

Answer 47

The **Brachiocephalic, L. Common Cartoid, and L. Subclavian** arteries.

Question 48

At what phase/point in the Cardiac Cycle is **heart pressure the highest (at its peak)?**

Answer 48

During Phase III: **Ventricular Systole/Ejection**