Final Exam 2023 (PRACTICAL) Review Flashcards by Yaseen Ibrahim

What are the 3 bodily planes?

Coronal (frontal) plane - Divides the body into anterior and posterior parts (through the arms)
Sagittal (longitudinal/median) plane - Divides the body into left and right parts (through the midline)
Transverse (axial) plane - Divides the body into superior and inferior parts (through the stomach)

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What are the 5 bodily cavities?

Cranial cavity - Cavity within the skull
Thoracic cavity - Cavity within the bony thorax (chest)
Abdominal Cavity - Cavity within the abdomen (stomach)
Spinal Cavity - Cavity within the spine (lower back)
Pelvic cavity - Cavity within the pelvis (below the spine)

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What are the Anatomical Directional Terms?

Superior - Toward the head or upper part of the body/above something
Inferior - Away from the head (below) or lower part of the body/below something
Ventral (Anterior) - Toward the front of the body/in front of
Dorsal (Posterior) - Toward the backside of the body/behind
Medial - Toward or at the midline/closer to the middle side
Lateral - Away from the midline/to the outer side
Intermediate - Between a more medial and a more lateral structure
Proximal - Closer to the origin/point of attachment of a body part
Distal - Further from the origin/point of attachment of a body part
Superficial (External) - Toward/at the body surface
Deep (internal) Away/below the body surface

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What are the 4 types of bones?

Long bone - A bone longer than it is wide (usually long and thin)
Short bone - A bone wider than it is long (usually small and cubed)
Flat bone - A bone that is flat (usually curved and thin)
Irregular bone - A bone that does not portray any of the other bone characteristics (usually odd looking)

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What are the Paranasal Sinuses?

Frontal sinus - Most superior, above the eyes, flat shaped
Ethmoid sinuses - Many different pieces, located between the Frontal and Sphenoid
Sphenoid sinus - Closest back into the head, below the Ethmoid
Maxillary sinus - The cheekbones, flat like the frontal and most inferior, directly below the eyes

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What are the bones of the Axial Skeleton?

Skull/Cranium
Hyoid bone - not connected to any other bones
Vertebrae - Make up the spine
Sternum - Connects the two sides of the rib cage
Ribs - Make up the bony thorax
Sacrum - Bottom of Vertebrae
Coccyx - Tailbone, bottom of Sacrum

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What are the bones of the Cranium?

Frontal Bone - Superior/Anterior of Cranium (SINGLE)
Parietal Bone - Superior/Lateral to back of Cranium (PAIRED)
Temporal Bone -
Sphenoid Bone - Directly anterior to temporal lobe (PAIRED)
Zygomatic Bone - ‘Cheekbones’, inferior to the frontal bone (PAIRED)
Maxillary - ‘Upper mouth’, medial to the zygomatic bones, inferior to the frontal bone (PAIRED)
Mandible - ‘Lower jaw’, inferior to the maxillary bones & teeth

(TO BE COMPLETED, MARK 5)

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What are the bones of the Appendicular Skeleton? (SUPERIOR HALF)

Clavicle - Collarbones
Scapula - Shoulder bones
Humerus - (Upper) Arm bone
Ulna - Forearm bone Next to Radius, most medial (has knob on top)
Radius - Forearm bone Next to Ulna, most lateral
Carpal bones - Carpals (wrist), Metacarpals (base of hand), Phalanges (fingers)

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What are the bones of the Appendicular Skeleton? (INFERIOR HALF)

Pelvic bones - Ilium (biggest), Ischium (medium and more lateral), Pubis (smallest and most medial)
Femur - Thigh Bone
Patella - Kneecap
Tibia - Lower leg bone, next to Fibula (largest/thickest and most medial)
Fibula - Lower leg bone, next to Tibia (smallest/thickest and most lateral)
Tarsal bones - Tarsals (ankle), Metatarsals (base of foot), Phalanges (Toes)

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What are the muscles of the Face and Cranium?

(FACIAL)

Frontalis - Forehead muscle
Orbicular Oculi (O. Oculi) - Surrounds the eyes, deep to the eyelids
Orbicular Oris (O. Oris) - Surrounds the mouth
Zytomaticus - Paired muscles stretching across the zygomatic (cheekbone) region
Platysma - Paired muscle stretching from the chin to across the Clavicle

(CRANIAL)

Temporalis - Temporal Muscle
Occipitalis - Occipital Muscle
Zygomaticus - Zygomatic (cheekboke) muscle
Buccinator - Buccal (cheek) Muscle, below Maxilla
Masseter - Bulbus muscle, superficial to Buccinator (within the cheeks)
Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) - Long cranial muscle, extending from the clavicle to below the ear

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What are the Muscles of the Chest?

Pectoralis Major - Superficial to the Pectoralis Minor, being the bigger one
Pectoralis Minor - Deep to the Pectoralis Major, being the smaller one
Deltoid - Shoulder Muscle, originating at the Clavicle
External Intercostals - (exterior) Muscles between the ribs (of the ribcage) (22, PAIRED)
Internal Intercostals - (interior) Muscles between the ribs (of the ribcage) (22, PAIRED)

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What are the Muscles of the Neck?

Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) - Long and running down from cranium (attaching to clavicle)
Platysma - Covers the SCM and covers the front of the body to the clavicle
Trapezius - Extends from the back of the cranium to the lower back

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What are the Muscles of The Arm(s)?

(Upper Arm)

Biceps Brachii - The ‘biceps’, located along the upper arm, above the triceps
Triceps Brachii - The ‘triceps’, located along the upper arm, below the biceps
Brachialis - Small and paired (on one arm), connected to both sides of the Biceps Brachii, along the upper arm

**(Forearm) **

Brachioradialis - Brachial muscle extending across the radius

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What are the Muscles of The Back?

Trapezius - Extends from back of Cranium to middle/lower back (trapezoid-shaped)
Latissimus Dorsi (LATS) - Extends from the top of Humerus and extends to lower back (right above the Ilium) (it is deep to the trapezius)
Erector Spinae - 4 long muscle groupings that run from the Ilium to the back of the Cranium (along the entire back)

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What are the Muscles of the Abdominal Trunk?

External Oblique - Most lateral and superficial of the abdominal muscles, making up the sides of the abdomen
Internal Oblique - Directly deep to the External Oblique
Rectus Abdominis - The “6 pack” (including extra muscle below it)
Tranversus Abdominis - Deep to the Rectus Abdominis, surrounding the lateral sides of the Abdomen, similar to the obliques

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What are the Muscles of the Superior Leg? (POSTERIOR VIEW)

Gluteus Medius - Directly superior to the Gluteus Maximus, and much smaller
Gluteus Maximus - Directly inferior to the Medius, and much larger
Biceps Femoris - Largest and most lateral of the Hamstrings, next to the Semitendinosus
Semitendinosus - Thinnest of the Hamstrings, between the Biceps Femoris and the Semimembranosus
Semimembranosus - Most medial of the Hamstrings, next to the Semitendinosus

All text in italics are part of the Hamstring Group

What are the Muscles of the Superior Leg? (ANTERIOR VIEW)

Sartorius - Longest and thinnest Muscle of the anterior thigh, attaching to the Iliac Spine and going across the Quadricep Group, inserting superior medial to the Patella
Vastus Medialis - (appears to be) Smallest and most medial of the Quadriceps, deep to the Rectus Femoris and next to the Vastus Lateralis
Rectus Femoris - Largest and most superficial of the Quadriceps, between the Vastus Lateralis and Vastus Medialis
Rectus Lateralis - Most lateral of the Quadriceps, deep to the Rectus Femoris and next to the Vastus Lateralis

All text in italics are part of the Quadricep Group

What are the Muscles of the Inferior Leg? (POSTERIOR VIEW)

Gastrocnemius - Most superior of the inferior posterior leg muscles, superficial to the Soleus (Made up of 2 muscles on one leg)
Soleus - Deep and inferior to the Gastrocnemius and Achilles Tendon

Remember the Gastrocnemius as the back calf!

What are the Muscles of the Inferior Leg? (ANTERIOR VIEW)

Fibularis Longus - Most lateral of the inferior anterior leg muscles, being thin, long, and superior to the Tibialis Anterior
Tibularis Anterior - Runs along and next to the Tibia, medium size and length

What are the 4 Major regions of the brain?

Cerebrum - Central Hemisphere
Diencephalon - Deep within the Cerebrum
Brain Stem - Midbrain, Pons, and Medulla
Cerebellum - Mini Cerebrum, inferior psoterior of the Cerebrum

What are the two primary Sulci/Fissures?

Central Sulcus - Also known as the primary Sulcus, divides the Frontal and Parietal lobes
Longitudinal Fissure - Divides the Cerebrum into left and right hemispheres

What are the 4 brain lobes and where are they located?

Occipital Lobe - Most posterior of Cerebrum
Temporal Lobe - Inferior to the Frontal, Parietal, and Occpital lobes. Directly Inferior to the Parietal lobe
Frontal Lobe - Most anterior of the cerebral lobes
Parietal Lobe - Most superior, between the Frontal and Occpitial lobes. Directly superior to the Temporal lobe

What are the two Primary Gyri of the Cerebrum?

Precentral Gyrus - Posterior to the Frontal Lobe and directly Anterior to the Central Sulcus (the Central Sulcus borders the Postcentral Gyrus from it)
Postcentral Gyrus - Anterior to the Parietal Lobe and directly Posterior to the Central Sulcus (the Central Sulcus borders the Precentral Gyrus from it)

What are the three Tunics of The Eye?

Sclera - Outermost tunic/layer
Vascular Tunic/Choroid Layer - Middle tunic/layer, red and muscly
Retina/Sensory Tunic - Innermost tunic/layer, yellow and veiny (will have dots on a diagram)

What are the Solid Structures of The Eye? | *(Excluding the tunics)*

* **Cornea** - **Most outer part** of the front of the eye, it is **transparent and covers the Iris and Pupil** * **Lens** - **Clear, elliptical structure that sits behind the Iris.** It has a **large, oval shape** * **Iris** - The **small colored tissue at the front of the eye** which **holds the pupil between it.** It looks like pointy jaws * **Optic Disk** - **The point of convergence in the Retina, connecting to the brain.** *It is also called the blind spot*

What are the Liquid Structures of The Eye? *(Humors)*

* **Aqueous Humor** - **The transparent fluid** which fills the space **between the Cornea and Lens/Iris/Pupil.** * **Vitreous Humor** - **The transparent fluid** which makes up the **interior of the eyeball, behind the Lens.**

What are the parts of the Outer Ear?

* **Pinna/Auricle** - **Visible portion of outer ear** * **External Auditory Canal** - **Ear canal,** leading to Eardrum * **Eardrum/Tympanic Membrane** - Point of **separation between the outer and middle ear**

What are the parts of the Middle Ear?

**The parts of the middle ear** (Malleus, Incus, and Sttapes) are known as the **"Auditory Ossicles",** they are: * **Hammer** - **Also known as the "malleus",** this part is **attached to the Eardrum and the Anvil,** having an elongated pea shape * **Anvil** - **Also known as the "incus",** this part is **attached to the Hammer,** having a downwards tail shape * **Stirrup** - **Also known as the "stapes",** this part is **attached to the Anvil and Vestibulae,** having an arch or charging plug shape | *(The Ossicles are attached together in this order from the eardrum)*

What are the parts of the Inner Ear?

* **Vestibulae** - **Oval-shaped, hollow bone cavity that has all inner ear parts attached to it** * **Semicircular Canals** - Semicircle-shaped **arches attached superiorly to the Vestibulae** * **Cochlea** - **Spiraling "tail" of the Vestibulae,** symbolizing a conch shell (in its spiral) * **Round Window** - **Open part of the Vestibulae** near the transversial midline * **Auditory Tube** - Tube **extending from the middle ear out of the ear cavity**

What are the 4 heart chambers?

* **Right Atrium** - Superior to the (right) ventricle * **Right Ventricle** - Inferior to the (right) atrium * **Left Atrium** - Superior to the (left) ventricle * **Left Ventricle** - Inferior to the (left) atrium

What are the 4 heart valves?

* **Tricuspid Valve** - Between the right atrium and ventricle * **Pulmonary Semilular Valve** - Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk * **Bicuspid Valve** - Between the left atrium and ventricle * **Aortic Semilunar Valve** - Between the left ventricle and aorta

What are the (major) parts of the Respiratory System?

* **Nasal Cavity/Passage** (nose) * **Pharynx** (throat) * **Larynx** (voice box) * **Trachea** (airway b/w larynx to bronchi) * **Primary Brochus/Bronchial Tube** (main bronchi in the lung's upper parts, starting the bronchial tree) * ***Alveoli*** (tiny air sacs at ends of brochioles, exhcanging O2 and CO2 during inhaling and exhaling) * **Diaphragm** (major muscle of respiration inferior to the lungs)

What are the (major) parts of the Digestive System?

* **Oral Cavity** - The mouth * **Esophagus** - **Long, narrow food pipe** (from the oral canal to the stomach) * **Stomach** - A**ttachment point of the Esophagus,** directly inferior to the Liver and superior to the Large Intestine * **Liver** - **Most superior** of the interior digestive organs * **Pancreas** - **Small secreting gland, deep to the Stomach** *(will have dots over it in a diagram)* * **Ascending Colon** - **Ascending part of the Large Intestine,** directly supeperior and attached to the Appendix * **Appendix** - **Small string-like structure attached to the Ascending Colon/Cecum**