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Anatomy & Physiology | 09. > Muscle Ststem Unit Test > Flashcards

Muscle Ststem Unit Test Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 roles of skeletal muscle?

A
  1. Contract to produce movement
  2. Sustain body posture and position
  3. Maintain body temperature
  4. Stabilize joints
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2
Q

What is the graded response system and how does it work?

A

The nervous system detects how much force will need to be used in order to do a muscular action, and tells the muscular system to respond accordingly. (A, B, C, D grades with A requiring the most amount of force)

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3
Q

What is an isometric contraction?

A

A contraction in which there is no change in muscle length, causing no limb or joint motion to occur. (e.g. arm positions while deadlifting)

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4
Q

What is an isotonic contraction?

A

A contraction in which the muscle changed length, causing limb motion. (e.g. curling a dumbbell)

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5
Q

What are aerobic exercises and their affect on muscles?

A

These exercises increase heart pumping rates, increasingly supplying blood to muscles. They work to keep your muscles strong (e.g. cycling)

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6
Q

What are resistance exercise and their affect on muscles?

A

These exercises put muscles against resistance, tearing fibers. They work to increase muscle strength and size (e.g. weightlifting)

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7
Q

What is Flexion?

A

A movement (usually along the sagittal plane) that decreases joint angle between two bone, bringing them closer together. (e.g. winding up for a soccer ball kick)

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8
Q

What is Extension?

A

A movement being the opposite of Flexion, increasing the joint angle and distance between two bones (e.g. extending your arm)

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9
Q

What is a Rotation?

A

A movement along it’s transversal axis, found in ball and socket/pivot joints. (e.g. shaking your head to say “no”)

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10
Q

What is an Abduction? (Not of a child)

A

A movement of moving a limb away from the midline along the frontal axis. (e.g. taking your arms from your side to form a T-pose or spreading the fingers and toes)

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11
Q

What is an Adduction?

A

A movement that is the opposite of Abduction, moving a limb towards the midline along the frontal axis. (e.g. going from a T-pose to arms at your sides)

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12
Q

What is a Hyperextension?

A

An irregular Extension, extending greater than normal. (e.g. fully extending your arm until the elbow sinks in a bit)

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13
Q

What is a Lateral Rotation?

A

A movement of Rotation away from the midline (e.g. rotating the foot towards the outside or turning the head to look at something)

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14
Q

What is a Medial Rotation?

A

A movement of Rotation that is the opposite of Lateral Rotation, rotating towards the midline (e.g. rotating the head to look forward or rotating the foot to face frontwards)

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15
Q

What is Circumduction?

A

A movement that is a combination of Flexion, Extension, Adduction, and Abduction. This movement usually forms a cone shape (e.g. performing arm circles or a baseball player winding up for a pitch)

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16
Q

What is Dorsiflexion?

A

A movement that bends backwards and contracts the hand or foot. (e.g. bending your hand back to the wrist or standing/walking on your heels)

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17
Q

What is Plantar Flexion?

A

A movement that is the opposite of Dorsiflexion, moving the foot in a downwards motion, away from the body. (e.g. standing/walking on toes (or) simple walking)

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18
Q

What is Inversion?

A

A movement that moves the foot so that the sole faces the midline. (e.g. standing on the pinky side of your feet (or) THE BUTTERFLY POSITION!)

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19
Q

What is Aversion?

A

A movement that is the opposite of Inversion, where the foot is moved so that the sole is faced away from the midline. (e.g. sitting “criss-cross applesauce”, common in children)

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20
Q

What is Supination?

A

A movement or lack of movement where the radius and ulna bones are parallel with each other. (e.g. extending the arm so that the palm faces upwards (or) holding a bowl of soup, hence SUPination)

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21
Q

What is Pronation?

A

A movement or lack of movement that is the opposite of Supination, where the radius is rotated across and over the ulna. (e.g. extending the arm so that the palm faces downwards)

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22
Q

What is Opposition?

A

A movement that takes the tip of the thumb to the tip of a finger, bringing them closer together. (e.g. forming the “ok” sign with your hand)

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23
Q

What is an Insertion?

A

The attachment point where the Tendon connects to the Bone

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24
Q

What is the Origin?

A

The point of direct muscle attachment to a bone, without a Tendon.

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25
Q

What is a Prime Mover (agonist)?

A

A muscle that does the direct action of a contraction (e.g. in flexion of the humerus, the Pectoralis Major is the prime mover)

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26
Q

What is an Antagonist?

A

A muscle that undoes (reverses) the prime mover and the action they do.

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27
Q

What is a Synergist?

A

A muscle that helps the Prime Mover in their action and helps prevent rotation.

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28
Q

What is a Fixator?

A

A muscle that keeps the origin of the prime mover stable (e.g. when you pull down your middle finger, the ring finger moves too)

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29
Q

What does Rectus mean?

A

It means straight (e.g. “Rectus” before a muscle means that the muscle is straight)

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30
Q

What is the Frontalis and where is it located? (HEAD)

A

The muscle responsible for elevating the eyebrows, located along the forehead (frontal bone), hence it’s name.

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31
Q

What are the Orbicular Oculi (O. Oculi) and where is it located? (HEAD, PAIRED)

A

The muscles responsible for controlling (closing) the eyelids, they are located under the eyelids (hence “oculi”) and have circle shape. They also help depress the frontalis.

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32
Q

What is the Zygomaticus and where is it located? (HEAD, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for controlling the way we smile. It is located on the Zygomatic bones (cheekbones), hence it’s name.

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33
Q

What is the Buccinator and where is it located? (HEAD, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for controlling the cheeks (hence “buccal”), working with the O. Oris to help swallowing, chewing, blowing, and sucking.

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34
Q

What is the Orbicular Oris (O. Oris) and where is it located? (HEAD)

A

The muscle responsible for controlling the lips to close the mouth and do other functions, also known as “the kissing muscle”. It has a circle shape around the lips.

35
Q

What is the Temporalis and where is it located? (HEAD, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for helping with closing the mouth and chewing, it is located along the sides of the temporal bones (hence “Temporalis”).

36
Q

What is the Occipitalis and where is it located? (HEAD)

A

The muscle responsible for helping the Frontalis in creating facial expressions through contracting the scalp. It is located on the occipital bone at the back of the head (hence “Occipitalis”)

37
Q

What is the Masseter and where is it located? (HEAD, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for assisting with chewing, having two connections between the Cheekbones to the Mandible

38
Q

What is the Sternocleidomastoid (SCM) and where is it located? (HEAD/NECK, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for tilting the head and turning the neck, with other movements. It is superficial and posterior in the head and neck (the thick long one that goes 7 O’ Clock downwards)

39
Q

What is the Trapezius and where is it located? (NECK/BACK, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for helping head, neck, arm, and torso movements while also stabilizing the spine with posture. It resembles a trapezoid (hence “Trapezius”) and goes from the Occipital bone to shoulders to the middle of the back.

40
Q

What is the Platysma and where is it located? (NECK, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for lowering part of the mouth down, creasing skin in the lower face. It goes over the Trapezius, starting at the chin. It also forms the front of the neck.

41
Q

What is the Cranial Aponeurosis and where is it located? (HEAD)

A

The fibrous connective tissue that forms the middle (3rd) layer of the skull, located at and covering the upper part of the cranium (hence “Cranial”).

42
Q

What is the Deltoid and where is it located? (SHOULDER, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for helping in moving the arms in different directions on a 3 dimensional plane. It is attached to the shoulder, also helping to protect and stabilize it.

43
Q

What is the Pectoralis Major and where is it located? (CHEST, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for adducting and flexing the Humerus, also known as the “pecs” in males (hence “Pectoralis”)

44
Q

What are the Biceps Brachii and where are they located? (ARM, PAIRED)

A

Better known as the biceps, these muscles are responsible for helping flex and supinate the forearm. They are located right before the forearm, being the biceps.

45
Q

What are the Brachialis and where are they located? (ARM, PAIRED)

A

The muscles responsible for flexing the elbows, these muscles are connected to both sides of the Biceps Brachii, being quite small.

46
Q

What are Brachioradials and where are they located? (ARM, PAIRED)

A

The muscles responsible in helping with flexion, supination, and pronation of the forearm (depending on the forearm’s rotation). They are located at the base of the forearms, at the very bottom of the arm diagram.

47
Q

What are External Intercoastal muscles and what do they do? (CHEST, PAIRED (22))

A

The muscles responsible for raising the rib cage during inhalation to assist with breathing. They are located externally (hence External) between the ribs of the ribcage (Hence Intercoastal)

48
Q

What are Internal Intercoastal muscles and what do they do? (CHEST, PAIRED (22))

A

The muscles responsible for depressing the rib cage during forced exhalation to assist with moving air out of the lungs. They are located internally (hence Internal) between the ribs of the ribcage (Hence Intercoastal)

49
Q

What is the Rectus Abdominis and where is it located? (TRUNK, PAIRED (6))

A

The muscles responsible for moving the body between the ribcage and pelvis. They are better known as the 6 pack, being muscle bumps that go straight up (hence “Rectus”)

50
Q

What is the Transversus Abdominis and where is it located? (TRUNK)

A

The muscle responsible for stabilizing the Trunk or abdomen (hence “Abdominis) and maintaining abdominal pressure internally. It is superficially located under the Internal Oblique.

51
Q

What are the Internal Obliques and where are they located? (TRUNK, PAIRED)

A

The muscles responsible for assisting in flexing/bending the Trunk, defecation, depressing the lower ribs, and childbirth. They are located superficial to the External Obliques and found on the very lateral abdomen walls.

52
Q

What are the External Obliques and where are they located? (TRUNK, PAIRED)

A

The muscles responsible for assisting in rotating the trunk and pulling the chest downwards. They are located directly above the Internal Obliques and found on the very lateral abdomen walls, surrounding the abdomen.

53
Q

What is Aponeurosis and where is it located?

A

The thin sheath of connective tissue that helps connect bones to muscles, it can be found near the pelvis and has a white color on the Trunk diagram.

54
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Pectoralis Major?

A

Origin: Sternum, Clavicle, and Ribs 1-6

Insertion: Humerus

Action: Adducts and Flexes Humerus

55
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Rectus Abdominis?

A

Origin: Pubis

Insertion: Sternum, Ribs 5-7

Action: Flexion of the Vertebral Column

56
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the External Obliques?

A

Origin: Lower 8 Ribs

Insertion: Ilium

Action: Flexion and Rotation of the Vertebral Column

57
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Trapezius?

A

Origin: Occipital Bone

Insertion: Scapula Clavicle

Action: Extends neck and adducts Scapula

58
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Latissimus Dorsi (LATS)?

A

Origin: Lower spine/Ilium

Insertion: Humerus

Action: Extends and Adducts Humerus

59
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Erector Spinae?

A

Origin: Ilium/Sacrum

Insertion: Ribs, Thoracic and Cervical Vertebrae

Action: Extends Vertebral Column

60
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Deltoid?

A

Origin: Scapula/Clavicle

Insertion: Humerus

Action: Abduction of the Humerus

61
Q

What is the Latissimus Dorsi (LATS) and where is it located? (BACK, PAIRED)

A

The muscle responsible for extension and abduction of the arms, along with medial rotation of shoulder joints. It is located directly under the Trapezius and is broad and flat.

62
Q

What are the Erector Spinae and where are they located? (BACK, PAIRED)

A

The muscles that are responsible for assisting in straightening the back, along with side-to-side rotation. They run along the spine, covering it as well being long and not thick.

63
Q

What are the 3 muscle groups?

A

Smooth Muscle, Cardiac Muscle, and Skeletal Muscle

64
Q

What is Endomysium in a muscle? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

Spongy-looking things surrounding the Fascicle of a muscle cell, with Blood vessels in tiny holes between them.

65
Q

What is a Fascicle in a muscle? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

A bundle of muscle fibers, wrapped by perimysium, in a diagram, it will be poking out from the muscle itself, with another muscle fiber cell extending beyond it.

66
Q

What is a Muscle Fiber Cell? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

In a diagram, they are light red holes, giving the inside of the muscle a spongey appearance. One is extended from inside a Fascicle.

67
Q

What are Blood Vessels in a muscle? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

In a diagram, they are between the small gaps of Endomysium

68
Q

What is Sarcolemma in a muscle cell? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

It is a thin plasma membrane of the cell, keeping all contents within it packaged (it will probably be flapped up on the diagram).

69
Q

What is the Nucleus in a muscle cell? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

There is more than one nucleus in a muscle cell, in a diagram, they will be under the Sarcolemma in a black bean looking shape, giving bumps within the Sarcolemma.

70
Q

What is a Z disc in a muscle cell? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

A fine, dense line in a muscle cell creating Sarcomere boundaries. In a cell diagram, it looks like a downwards zig-zag, surrounding the H zone.

In an even deeper microscopic diagram, it looks like a zig-zag pattern with two rectal lines beside it, bordering the M line.

71
Q

What is a Sarcomere in a muscle cell? (MICRO ANATOMY)

A

A segment of a myofibril that is responsible for contraction. In a diagram, it consists of a Bare Zone (empty space between two Thick Filaments), along with Thick Filament (red with attachments) and Thin Filament (blue with bumps)

In an even more microscopic diagram, it will be shown as consisting of a red, elongated M line, with two surrounding Z discs.

72
Q

What is an I band in a muscle cell diagram?

A

It is the bottom of the zig-zag line, located under the Z disc diagram.

73
Q

What is the sliding filament theory?

A

The process of muscle contraction on a microscopic level that consists of Myosin (Thick Filaments) pulling Actin (Thin Filaments) closer together, shortening Sarcomeres within the fiber. Once all Sarcomeres shorten, the muscle finally contracts.

The motion itself is small, but when done over millions of Actin and Myosin, creates a bigger effect, causing bodily movements.

74
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Biceps Brachii?

A

Origin: Scapula (shoulder girdle)

Insertion: Proximal Radius

Action: Flexes elbow and supinates forearm

75
Q

What is the origin, insertion, and action of the Trapezius?

A

Origin: Occipital Cervical of Thoracic Vertebrae

Insertion: Scapula Clavicle

Action: Extends neck and adducts scapula

76
Q

What are the 4 Quadricep groups?

A

Vastus Medialis, Vastus Intermedius, Vastus Lateralis, Rectus Femoris

77
Q

What is the Vastus Medialis and where is it located? (LEG, QUADRICEP GROUP, PARIED)

A

Located towards the midline (Medialis) next to the Rectus Femoris and Vastus Intermedius, this muscle is one of the 4 that makes up the Quadricep Group

78
Q

What is the Vastus Intermedius and where is it located? (LEG, QUADRICEP GROUP, PARIED)

A

Located directly beneath the Rectus Femoris (Only visible when Rectus Femoris is removed), this muscle is one of the 4 that makes up the Quadricep Group

79
Q

What is the Vastus Lateralis and where is it located? (LEG, QUADRICEP GROUP, PARIED)

A

Located towards the outside of the midline (Lateralis), this muscle is one of the 4 that makes up the Quadricep Group

80
Q

What is the Rectus Femoris and where is it located? (LEG, QUADRICEP GROUP, PAIRED)

A

Located upwards (Rectus) and with a big, fleshy shape, this muscle is one of the 4 that makes up the Quadricep Group

81
Q

What are the Hamstrings?

A

A group of muscles that run along the back of the thigh below the Gluteus Maximus to the Patella.

82
Q

Which of the Quadriceps is a safe site for injection?

A

Vastus Lateralis

83
Q

In muscle contraction, do Thick Filaments or Thin Filaments slide to contract?

A

The Myosin (Thick Filaments) slide past the Actin (Thin Filaments) during muscle contraction, remaining the same length.

Anatomy & Physiology | 09. (23 decks)

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